Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy

Chehelgerdi, Matin; Behdarvand Dehkordi, Fereshteh; Chehelgerdi, Mohammad; Kabiri, Hamidreza; Salehian-Dehkordi, Hosein; Abdolvand, Mohammad; Salmanizadeh, Sharareh; Rashidi, Mohsen; Niazmand, Anoosha; Ahmadi, Saba; Feizbakhshan, Sara; Kabiri, Saber; Vatandoost, Nasimeh; Ranjbarnejad, Tayebeh

doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01873-0

Molecular Cancer

Table 3 iPSCs as a source of cancer cells for research and drug screening

From: Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy

Cancer Type	iPSC Line used	In vitro Model of Cancer Cells	Name of Drug	Comparison with traditional cancer cell lines	Mechanism	References
Breast cancer	BC1 iPSCs	Triple-negative breast cancer	Olaparib	Higher genetic diversity, greater resemblance to in vivo tumors	PARP inhibitor, induces DNA damage	[114,115,116]
Lung cancer	H1975 iPSCs	Non-small cell lung cancer	Erlotinib	More accurate representation of patient-specific tumors	EGFR inhibitor, blocks signal transduction	[117]
Leukemia	CML-iPSCs	Chronic myeloid leukemia	Imatinib	Reflects heterogeneity of disease, allows for personalized therapy	BCR-ABL inhibitor, inhibits tyrosine kinase activity	[118, 119]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer	Enzalutamide	More relevant for studying tumor evolution, allows for drug resistance testing	Androgen receptor inhibitor, blocks signaling pathway	[120]
Melanoma	Mel-iPSCs	Metastatic melanoma	Ipilimumab	Offers insight into immunotherapy resistance, allows for drug screening	CTLA-4 antibody, enhances T cell response against tumor cells	[121]
Pancreatic cancer	iPSCs derived from cancerous tissue	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Gemcitabine	Provides more accurate drug sensitivity testing, facilitates drug discovery	Nucleoside analog, inhibits DNA replication	[122]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma	Carboplatin	Provides patient-specific drug response data	Platinum-based chemotherapy, DNA crosslinking	[123, 124]
Brain cancer	GBM-iPSCs	Glioblastoma multiforme	Temozolomide	Captures intratumoral heterogeneity, enables personalized therapy	Alkylating agent, DNA damage inducer	[125, 126]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Nab-paclitaxel	Represents patient-specific responses to therapy	Microtubule inhibitor, disrupts mitosis	[127]
Lymphoma	Lymp-iPSCs	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	Rituximab	Captures tumor heterogeneity and response to immunotherapy	CD20 antibody, targets B-cell lymphoma cells	[128]
Gastric cancer	GC-iPSCs	Gastric adenocarcinoma	Trastuzumab	Enables personalized treatment based on HER2 expression	HER2 antibody, blocks HER2 signaling	[50]
Bladder cancer	Blad-iPSCs	Urothelial carcinoma	Pembrolizumab	Allows for evaluation of immune checkpoint inhibitors	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[51]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer	Abiraterone	Represents patient-specific response to androgen deprivation therapy	Androgen synthesis inhibitor, blocks testosterone production	[52]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	FOLFIRINOX	Reflects patient-specific chemotherapy response	Combination chemotherapy (5-FU, irinotecan, oxaliplatin)	[53]
Brain cancer	GBM-iPSCs	Glioblastoma multiforme	Bevacizumab	Recapitulates anti-angiogenic therapy response	VEGF antibody, inhibits angiogenesis	[129]
Colorectal cancer	iPSCs derived from cancerous tissue	Colorectal adenocarcinoma	Cetuximab	Represents patient-specific response to targeted therapy	EGFR antibody, inhibits EGFR signaling	[130]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	Non-small cell lung cancer	Pembrolizumab	Enables assessment of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[131]
Leukemia	AML-iPSCs	Acute myeloid leukemia	Venetoclax	Represents patient-specific response to targeted therapy	BCL-2 inhibitor, promotes apoptosis	[132]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Panobinostat	Represents patient-specific response to histone deacetylase inhibitors	HDAC inhibitor, alters gene expression and induces apoptosis	[133]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	HER2-positive breast cancer	Trastuzumab emtansine	Reflects patient-specific response to antibody–drug conjugates	HER2-targeted antibody–drug conjugate, inhibits cell division	[134]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Castration-resistant prostate cancer	Docetaxel	Represents patient-specific response to chemotherapy	Microtubule inhibitor, disrupts cell division	[135]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Lenvatinib	Better recapitulation of liver tumor angiogenesis	Multi-kinase inhibitor, inhibits VEGF signaling	[136]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer	Osimertinib	Represents patient-specific response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors	EGFR inhibitor, blocks mutant EGFR signaling	[137]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer	Cetuximab	Reflects patient-specific response to anti-EGFR therapy	EGFR antibody, inhibits EGFR signaling	[130, 138]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Epithelial ovarian cancer	Niraparib	Represents patient-specific response to PARP inhibitors	PARP inhibitor, disrupts DNA repair mechanisms	[139]
Melanoma	Mel-iPSCs	BRAF-mutated melanoma	Vemurafenib	Represents patient-specific response to BRAF inhibitors	BRAF inhibitor, blocks mutant BRAF signaling	[140, 141]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Luminal B breast cancer	Palbociclib	Enables investigation of CDK4/6 inhibitor response	CDK4/6 inhibitor, arrests cell cycle	[142]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Neuroendocrine prostate cancer	Cabazitaxel	Represents patient-specific response to taxane chemotherapy	Taxane chemotherapeutic, disrupts microtubule function	[143]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer	Alectinib	Reflects patient-specific response to ALK inhibitors	ALK inhibitor, blocks ALK signaling	[144, 145]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	MSI-high colorectal cancer	Pembrolizumab	Enables evaluation of immune checkpoint blockade in MSI-high tumors	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[146]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Napabucasin	Represents patient-specific response to cancer stem cell inhibitors	Cancer stem cell inhibitor, targets cancer stem cells	[147]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	HER2-negative breast cancer	Paclitaxel	Enables investigation of taxane chemotherapy response	Microtubule inhibitor, disrupts cell division	[148, 149]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer	Radium-223	Reflects patient-specific response to targeted alpha therapy	Alpha particle emitter, targets bone metastases	[150]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer	Crizotinib	Represents patient-specific response to ROS1 inhibitors	ROS1 inhibitor, blocks ROS1 signaling	[151]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer	Encorafenib + Cetuximab	Reflects patient-specific response to combination therapy	BRAF inhibitor + EGFR antibody, dual pathway inhibition	[152, 153]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma	Debio 1347	Represents patient-specific response to FGFR inhibitors	FGFR inhibitor, blocks FGFR signaling	[154]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Triple-positive breast cancer	Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab	Reflects patient-specific response to HER2-targeted combination therapy	Dual HER2 inhibition, blocks HER2 signaling	[155]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer	Cabozantinib	Enables investigation of MET inhibitor response	MET inhibitor, blocks MET signaling	[156]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer	Binimetinib	Represents patient-specific response to MEK inhibitors	MEK inhibitor, blocks MEK signaling	[157]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	Microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer	5-Fluorouracil + Oxaliplatin	Reflects patient-specific response to combination chemotherapy	Combination chemotherapy, disrupts DNA replication and cell division	[158]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Endometrioid ovarian carcinoma	Carboplatin + Paclitaxel	Represents patient-specific response to standard chemotherapy	Combination chemotherapy, disrupts DNA replication and cell division	[159]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma	Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab	Enables evaluation of immune checkpoint blockade and anti-angiogenic therapy	PD-L1 antibody + VEGF antibody, enhances immune response and inhibits angiogenesis	[160, 161]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Gemcitabine + Abraxane	Represents patient-specific response to combination chemotherapy	Combination chemotherapy, disrupts DNA replication and cell division	[162]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Triple-negative breast cancer	Pembrolizumab	Enables evaluation of immune checkpoint blockade	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[163, 164]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	APC-mutated colorectal cancer	Celecoxib	Represents patient-specific response to COX-2 inhibitors	COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits inflammation and cell proliferation	[165]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Serous ovarian carcinoma	Olaparib	Enables investigation of PARP inhibitor response	PARP inhibitor, disrupts DNA repair mechanisms	[166]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer	Fulvestrant	Enables investigation of estrogen receptor degradation	Selective estrogen receptor degrader, inhibits estrogen receptor signaling	[167]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer	Enzalutamide + Apalutamide	Represents patient-specific response to dual androgen receptor inhibitors	Dual androgen receptor inhibitors, block androgen signaling	[168]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer	Ceritinib	Reflects patient-specific response to ALK inhibitors	ALK inhibitor, blocks ALK signaling	[169]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	CEA-positive colorectal cancer	Regorafenib	Represents patient-specific response to multi-kinase inhibitors	Multi-kinase inhibitor, inhibits angiogenesis and cell proliferation	[170,171,172]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	High-grade serous ovarian cancer	Topotecan	Enables investigation of topoisomerase I inhibitor response	Topoisomerase I inhibitor, disrupts DNA replication	[173]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with TP53 mutation	Sorafenib + Vorinostat	Represents patient-specific response to combination targeted therapy	Multi-kinase inhibitor + HDAC inhibitor, inhibits angiogenesis and alters gene expression	[174]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Ibrutinib	Represents patient-specific response to targeted therapy	Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits B-cell signaling	[175]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Basal-like breast cancer	Talazoparib	Enables investigation of PARP inhibitor response	PARP inhibitor, disrupts DNA repair mechanisms	[176, 177]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	AR-V7-positive castration-resistant prostate cancer	Darolutamide	Represents patient-specific response to androgen receptor antagonists	Androgen receptor antagonist, inhibits androgen receptor signaling	[143, 178]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	MET-amplified non-small cell lung cancer	Capmatinib	Reflects patient-specific response to MET inhibitors	MET inhibitor, blocks MET signaling	[179]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	BRAFV600E-mutated colorectal cancer	Encorafenib + Binimetinib	Represents patient-specific response to targeted combination therapy	BRAF inhibitor + MEK inhibitor, dual pathway inhibition	[180]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma	MEK162	Enables investigation of MEK inhibitor response	MEK inhibitor, blocks MEK signaling	[181]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with AFP overexpression	Ramucirumab	Represents patient-specific response to anti-angiogenic therapy	VEGFR2 antibody, inhibits angiogenesis	[179]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	PEGPH20	Enables investigation of hyaluronan-targeted therapy	Hyaluronidase, degrades hyaluronan in the tumor microenvironment	[182]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	PTEN-deficient prostate cancer	BKM120	Enables investigation of PI3K inhibitor response	PI3K inhibitor, blocks PI3K signaling	[175]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	RET-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer	Selpercatinib	Reflects patient-specific response to RET inhibitors	RET inhibitor, blocks RET signaling	[183]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer	Panitumumab	Represents patient-specific response to EGFR inhibitors	EGFR antibody, blocks EGFR signaling	[130, 172]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with TP53 mutation	Tivantinib	Represents patient-specific response to MET inhibitors	MET inhibitor, blocks MET signaling	[179]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Olaratumab	Enables investigation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibition	PDGFR antibody, inhibits PDGFR signaling	[184]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	HER2-positive breast cancer	Lapatinib	Represents patient-specific response to HER2-targeted therapy	Dual HER2 and EGFR inhibitor, blocks HER2 and EGFR signaling	[185]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	PTEN-deleted prostate cancer	Abiraterone acetate	Enables investigation of androgen synthesis inhibitor response	Androgen synthesis inhibitor, inhibits androgen production	[186]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	EGFR T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer	Osimertinib	Reflects patient-specific response to EGFR T790M inhibitors	EGFR T790M inhibitor, blocks EGFR T790M signaling	[187]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	MSI-high colorectal cancer	Pembrolizumab	Enables evaluation of immune checkpoint blockade	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[146]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Cholangiocarcinoma	Erdafitinib	Enables investigation of FGFR inhibitor response	FGFR inhibitor, blocks FGFR signaling	[188]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Rucaparib	Enables investigation of PARP inhibitor response	PARP inhibitor, disrupts DNA repair mechanisms	[189]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer	Palbociclib	Represents patient-specific response to CDK4/6 inhibitors	CDK4/6 inhibitor, inhibits cell cycle progression	[190]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	AR-V7-positive castration-resistant prostate cancer	Apalutamide	Represents patient-specific response to androgen receptor inhibitors	Androgen receptor inhibitor, blocks androgen receptor signaling	[191]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer	Entrectinib	Reflects patient-specific response to ROS1 inhibitors	ROS1 inhibitor, blocks ROS1 signaling	[192]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer	Encorafenib + Cetuximab	Represents patient-specific response to targeted combination therapy	BRAF inhibitor + EGFR antibody, dual pathway inhibition	[152]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma	Bevacizumab	Enables investigation of anti-angiogenic therapy	VEGF antibody, inhibits angiogenesis	[193]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with TP53 mutation	Lenvatinib + Pembrolizumab	Represents patient-specific response to combination targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade	Multi-kinase inhibitor + PD-1 antibody, dual pathway inhibition and enhances immune response	[194]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Androgen-sensitive prostate cancer	Bicalutamide	Represents patient-specific response to androgen receptor antagonists	Androgen receptor antagonist, inhibits androgen receptor signaling	[143]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	Microsatellite stable colorectal cancer	Irinotecan	Represents patient-specific response to chemotherapy	Topoisomerase I inhibitor, disrupts DNA replication	[195]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Mucinous ovarian carcinoma	Paclitaxel	Enables investigation of microtubule-targeting chemotherapy	Microtubule stabilizer, inhibits cell division	[149]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with HBV infection	Entecavir	Represents patient-specific response to antiviral therapy	Nucleoside analog, inhibits viral replication	[196]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Nivolumab	Enables evaluation of immune checkpoint blockade	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[197]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with MET amplification	Crizotinib	Represents patient-specific response to MET inhibitors	MET inhibitor, blocks MET signaling	[198]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Onivyde	Enables investigation of liposomal chemotherapy	Liposomal formulation of irinotecan, improves drug delivery	[197]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	HER2-positive breast cancer	Trastuzumab	Represents patient-specific response to HER2-targeted therapy	HER2 antibody, blocks HER2 signaling	[199]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer	Afatinib	Reflects patient-specific response to EGFR inhibitors	EGFR inhibitor, blocks EGFR signaling	[200]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer	Vemurafenib	Represents patient-specific response to BRAF inhibitors	BRAF inhibitor, blocks BRAF signaling	[180]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Serous ovarian carcinoma	Cisplatin	Enables investigation of platinum-based chemotherapy	Platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, induces DNA damage	[201]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Pemetrexed	Represents patient-specific response to chemotherapy	Antifolate chemotherapy agent, inhibits DNA synthesis	[202]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer	Tipifarnib	Represents patient-specific response to KRAS inhibitors	KRAS inhibitor, blocks KRAS signaling	[203, 204]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	MSI-high colorectal cancer	Nivolumab + Ipilimumab	Enables investigation of immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy	PD-1 antibody + CTLA-4 antibody, enhances immune response	[180]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with FGFR fusion	Infigratinib	Represents patient-specific response to FGFR inhibitors	FGFR inhibitor, blocks FGFR signaling	[154, 205]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Olaparib	Enables investigation of PARP inhibitor response	PARP inhibitor, disrupts DNA repair mechanisms	[206]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	Luminal A breast cancer	Anastrozole	Represents patient-specific response to aromatase inhibitors	Aromatase inhibitor, blocks estrogen production	[129]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer	Enzalutamide	Represents patient-specific response to androgen receptor inhibitors	Androgen receptor inhibitor, inhibits androgen receptor signaling	[207]
Lung cancer	NSCLC-iPSCs	MET exon 14 skipping non-small cell lung cancer	Capmatinib	Represents patient-specific response to MET inhibitors	MET inhibitor, blocks MET signaling	[200]
Ovarian cancer	Ov-iPSCs	Clear cell ovarian carcinoma	Temsirolimus	Enables investigation of mTOR inhibitor response	mTOR inhibitor, inhibits mTOR signaling	[208]
Pancreatic cancer	PDAC-iPSCs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Trametinib	Represents patient-specific response to MEK inhibitors	MEK inhibitor, inhibits MAPK signaling pathway	[209]
Breast cancer	BC-iPSCs	HER2-positive breast cancer	Lapatinib	Represents patient-specific response to dual HER2/EGFR inhibitors	Dual HER2/EGFR inhibitor, blocks HER2 and EGFR signaling	[210]
Prostate cancer	PC-iPSCs	Neuroendocrine prostate cancer	Cabazitaxel	Enables investigation of chemotherapy for neuroendocrine tumors	Microtubule-targeting chemotherapy agent, inhibits cell division	[211]
Colorectal cancer	CRC-iPSCs	Cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer	Panitumumab	Represents patient-specific response to EGFR inhibitors	EGFR antibody, blocks EGFR signaling	[212]
Liver cancer	Hep-iPSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma with TP53 mutation	Pembrolizumab	Enables evaluation of immune checkpoint blockade	PD-1 antibody, enhances immune response	[213]

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