Table 1 Dendritic cell-targeted immunotherapies for cancer patients
Classification | Agent | Target | Therapeutic effects on DCs |
|---|---|---|---|
Agonists for DC differentiation, expansion, and activation | STING agonist | cGAS-STING pathway | Promoting IFN-I production, DC maturation, antigen presentation, and cross-priming of T cells |
TLR2/4 agonists | TLR2/4 | Mainly promoting cDC2 activation | |
TLR3 agonists | TLR3 | Mainly promoting cDC1 activation | |
TLR7/8 agonists | TLR7/8 | Promoting pDC and cDC activation | |
TLR9 agonists | TLR9 | Promoting pDC and cDC activation | |
FLT3L | Flt3-FLT3L | Expanding cDC | |
GM-CSF | GM-CSF-GMR | Promoting cDC moblization and activation | |
RIG-I agonists | RIG-I-MAVS pathway | Enhancing DC phagocytic potential | |
Agonistic CD40 antibodies | CD40L-CD40 | Enhancing cross-priming of T cells and educating macrophage to degenerate fibrosis | |
Blockade of immunoinhibitory signals | VEGF inhibitors | VEGF-VEGFR pathway | Increasing functional DCs in the TME |
Anti-IL-10 receptor antibodies | IL-10 receptor pathway | Increasing IL-12 production | |
Anti-TGF-β antibodies | TGF-β signaling pathway | Increasing functional DCs in the TME | |
Anti-PD-L1 antibodies | PD-L1-PD1 and PD-L1-CD28 interactions | Reactivating dysfunctional T cells inside tumors and allowing CD80/CD28 interaction to provide costimulatory signaling for T cell activation | |
Anti-TIM-3 antibodies | TIM-3 | Promoting the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and CXCL9 expression in cDC1 | |
Cancer vaccines | Tumor-associated antigens or neoantigens | Tumor antigens | Improving cancer-specific adaptive immune response |
DC vaccines | Autologous cDC precursors or monocyte-derived DCs loaded with cancer antigens | Improving cancer-specific adaptive immune response |