Fig. 3
From: Targeting CRAF kinase in anti-cancer therapy: progress and opportunities
CRAF-mediated signal transduction promotes various cancer hallmarks. CRAF promotes seven features of malignant tumors, including self-sufficiency in growth signals, metabolic reprogramming (mainly glycolysis), tumor invasion and metastasis (EMT), evading cell death and senescence, sustaining angiogenesis, oxidative stress response, and avoiding immune destruction. The relevant upstream and downstream proteins are illustrated in the diagram. CAV1, Caveolin-1; HSP90, Heat Shock Protein 90; ROK-α, Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Kinase Alpha; AURKA, Aurora Kinase A; PRMT6, Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6; PKM2, Pyruvate Kinase M2; PHLPP1/2, PH Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatases 1/2; PKA, Protein Kinase A; MAZ, MYC-Associated Zinc Finger Protein; PLK-1, Polo-Like Kinase 1; AKT, Protein Kinase B; TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor-beta