Fig. 2

Omics techniques and their applications in 3-D in vitro tumor models. The figure presents a compilation of applications of pan-omics technology when integrated with 3-D in vitro tumor models for drug discovery and precision medicine. In the inner block arcs (blue and dark grey), various omics technologies, including whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, microarray, LC–MS, NMR spectroscopy are enumerated. The outermost block arc (in light grey) illustrates the diverse applications of omics techniques, encompassing tumor model validation, tumor heterogeneity studies, the use of 3-D in vitro tumor models for drug screening and drug discovery platforms, as well as the identification of tumor protein signatures