Fig. 1From: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current views on the tumor microenvironment's impact on drug resistance and clinical outcomesSignaling pathways contributed to the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Initiation of the cell signaling begins with cytokines and growth factors stimulation. The PI3K pathway leads to apoptosis inhibition and tumor cell proliferation. Other signaling pathways including JNK, ERK, JAK, and RAS promote tumor cell proliferationBack to article page