Table 1 Risk factors associated with NPC

EBV infection

8.69 (5.79–13.03)

[6]

Malarial infection

2.2 (N/A)

[7]

Smoking habit

1.34 (1.15–1.57)

[8]

Salt-preserved food

1.36 (1.27–1.46)

[9]

Plant-based diet

0.48 (0.38–0.59)

[10]

Alcohol consumption

1.41 (1.27–1.57)

[9]

Animal-based diet

2.26 (1.86–2.77)

[10]

Exposure to wood dust

5.82 (2.50–13.6)

[11]

Exposure to formaldehyde

6.79 (2.21–15.85)

[12]

NPC family history

3.09 (1.97–4.86)

[11]

CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism

2.72 (1.73–4.25)

[13]

GSTM1 polymorphism

1.53 (1.35–1.74)

[14]

ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism

1.23 (1.03–1.48)

[15]

p53 Arg72Pro SNP

1.28 (1.17–1.40)

[16]

MMP-2 1306C > T SNP

2.22 (0.50–9.91)

[17]