Table 2 Clinical application of CTCs in T cell lymphoma
From: Liquid biopsy in T-cell lymphoma: biomarker detection techniques and clinical application
Lymphoma subtypes | Author | PMID/doi | Biomarker | Liquid Biopsy | Method | No. of patients | Results | Clinical applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTCL, PTCL, NOS, T-LBL, nTFHL-AI | Assaf, C et al. [79] | 10887129 | CTCs | PB | PCR, TCR-beta | 62 | TCR-gamma PCR revealed an approximate 20% lower detection rate in the same set of samples than with the TCR-beta PCR method | diagnostic |
PTCL, NOS, nTFHL-AI, ALCL, ENKTL | Pu Q et al. [80] | 36466894 | CTCs | PB | FC, 15 markers | 81 | NTFHL-AI: PD-1 + % > 38.01, CD10 + % > 7.46 ENKTL-N: CD56 ALCL: CD30 and HLA-DR P MRD sensitivity, 85.71% prognostic: NTFHL-AI, CD7, CD38, Ki-67 PTCL, NOS, CD3, CD8 ENKTL, CD56 and HLA-DR | diagnostic, prognosis, |
ALK-positive ALCL | Damm-Welk, Christine et al. [81] | 17392503 | CTCs | PB | RT-PCR, RQ-PCR, NPM::ALK expression | 80 | NPM::ALK: 47.5% CI-Rs: 38 pts PCR-positive, 50% ± 10% vs 42 pts PCR-negative, 15% ± 7% (P < 0.001) CI-R: 16 pts NPM::ALK > 10 NCNs, 71% ± 14% vs 59pts ≤ 10 NCNs, 18% ± 6% (P < 0.001) | prognosis |
ALK-positive ALCL | Damm-Welk, Christine et al. [82] | 31649129 | CTCs | PB | dPCR, RQ-PCR NPM::ALK | 91 | Applying a cut-off of 30 copies NPM::ALK/104 copies ABL1 for quantification by dPCR, almost identical groups of patients were separated as those separated by RQ-PCR | prognosis |
ALCL | Mussolin, Lara et al. [83] | 32987765 | CTCs | PB | qualitative PCR, NPM::ALK | 420 | high-risk group (bpHR): MDD-positive & SC/LH pattern; 10-year PFS 40% low-risk group (bpLR): MDD-negative & without SC/LH pattern; 10-year PFS 86% intermediate-risk group (bpIR): remaining patients. 10-year PFS 75% (P < 0.0001) | prognosis |
T-LBL | Coustan-Smith E et al. [84] | 19546402 | CTCs | PB | FC | 99 | Two-year EFS: patients ≥ 1% T-LL cells in bone marrow vs < 1% vs ≥ 5%, 68.1% ± 11.1% (SE) vs 90.7% ± 4.4%(P = .031) vs 51.9% ± 18.0% (P = .009) | diagnostic Prognosis longitudinal monitoring |
PTCL, NOS, ALK-negative ALCL, nTFHL-AI | Gauthier, J et al. [85] | 27775693 | CTCs | PB | mpFC, 10-colour FC, TCR V-beta, | 29 | 7/29 patients were MDD + .pre-ASCT MDD + OS(19% vs 89%, P < 0.001), CIR, 85% vs 36%, P < 0.001) | prognosis |
ALK-positive ALCL | Kalinova M et al. [86] | 17320171 | CTCs | PB | RQ-RT-PCR, NPM::ALK | 10 | RQ-RT-PCR revealed NPM::ALK positivity 100% from relapses and/or closely before a relapse in at least one of the iliac BM trephines | MRD |
ALK-positive ALCL | Damm-Welk, Christine et al. [87] | 24297868 | CTCs | PB | RT-PCR, NPM::ALK | 180 | MDD + : 103/180. MRD + :52(before the second therapy course in 52 MDD + pts) CIR: 26 MDD + /MRD + pts (81% ± 8%) vs 26 pts MDD + /MRD- (31% ± 9%) vs 77 pts MDD- (15% ± 5%) (P < 0.001) Five-year survival: MDD- vs MDD + /MRD- vs MDD + /MRD + pts: 91% ± 3% vs 92% ± 5% vs 65% ± 9% (P < 0.001) | MRD |
ALK-positive ALCL | Rigaud, Charlotte et al. [88] | 33687135 | CTCs | PB | multiplex RT-PCR, NPM1::ALK | 138 | diagnosis: 87/138 pts MDD +  Early MRD (before the second course (BM1)) + : 18/33, MRD-:15/33 Three-year PFS:81.1% in MDD − , 69.6% in MDD + /MRD − , 15.2% in MDD + /MRD + pts | MRD |
ALK-positive ALCL | Pokorna P et al. [89] | 35700412 | CTCs | PB | RT-PCR, NPM1::ALK | 1 | intermittent dosing of lorlatinib improved treatment response and prolongation of the child’s EFS. MRD dynamics supported the selected administration schedule | MRD |
CTCL | Wolfe, J T et al. [90] | 7602365 | CTCs | PB | PCR, T-cell receptor-beta (TCR-beta) rearrangements | 1 | a complete clinical response CTCL patient detected MRD when clinical relapsed identified a common clonal origin for CTCL and LCT | MRD |
ATLL, CTCL, T-LGLL, PTCL, NOS | Tembhare P et al. [91] | 22261447 | CTCs | CSF, FNA | FCM, TCR-V(β)-R | 8 | 6 CSF FCM + , 1 was positive by cytomorphologic evaluation, 3 were negative, 2 were suspicious or atypical All FNA specimens were FCM + . 4/8 were positive by cytomorphologic evaluation and four were suspicious or atypical | MRD |
ATLL | Shao, Haipeng et al. [92] | 20231613 | CTCs | PB | FC, 25 marker PCR: TRG Gene Rearrangements and HTLV-1 | 17 | FC: 0.29% ATLL cells/WBC (4.9 cells/microL) PCR: TRG gene rearrangement, 74% demonstrated. 14% suspicious; HTLV-1,96% MRD: FC & PCR: 30/50, 60% | MRD |
ATLL, T-LGLL, PTCL, NOS, T-PLL | Tembhare, Prashant et al.[93] | 21571962 | CTCs | PB | FC, TCR-Vβ | 41 | TCR-V(β)-R analysis is a sensitive method for detection of MRD (14/14,100%) | diagnostic MRD |
T-ALL | Wu, David et al. [94] | 22593176 | CTCs | PB | mpFC, 18 marker HTS, TCRG and TCRB CDR3 | 43 | diagnosis: TCRB-HTS: 31/43, TCRG-HTS: 27/43 MRD: TCRB-HTS & CRG-HTS: 25/35 mpFC: 13/35 | MRD |
MF SS | Weng, Wen-Kai et al. [95] | 24307695 | CTCs | PB | mpFC, 7-marker, TCRβ HTS, TCRβ | 10 | malignant clones were detected by TCRB-HTS in all ten cases, four of these patients achieved molecular clearance in skin after transplant | MRD |