Table 2 Exosomal biomarkers for the inhibition of GIC metastasis
From: Cancer-derived exosomes as novel biomarkers in metastatic gastrointestinal cancer
Cancer type | Exosomal Contents | Exosome Source | Exosomal Cargo | Effect | Clinical Significance | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
colorectal cancer | miRNA | Cell culture fluid | miR-1827 | downregulate SUCNR1 | inhibit metastasis | [251] |
Serum | miR-140-3p | upregulate the expression of BCL9 and BCL2 | inhibit metastasis | [155] | ||
Cell culture fluid | microRNA-3940-5p | upregulate TGF-β1 | inhibit metastasis | [252] | ||
Cell culture fluid | miR-100 and miR-143 | downregulate miR-100/mTOR/miR-143 axis | inhibit metastasis | [156] | ||
circRNA | Cell culture fluid | circFNDC3B | inhibit miR‐937‐5p and upregulate TIMP3 | inhibit metastasis | [153] | |
serum | circRHOBTB3 | secrete outside of cells | inhibit metastasis | [154] | ||
lncRNA | serum | lncRNA ADAMTS9-AS1 | inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | inhibit metastasis | [157] | |
proteins | Cell culture fluid | ANGPTL1 | downregulate MMP9 level in KCs by inhibiting the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway | inhibit metastasis | [158] | |
hepatocellular cancer | miRNA | liver tissue | miR-374c-5p | activate LIMK1-Wnt/β-catenin axis | inhibit metastasis | [160] |
serum | miR-125b | block TGF-β1/SMAD Pathway, repress protein expression of SMAD2 | Inhibit metastasis | [253] | ||
serum | microRNA-27a-3p | suppress of Golgi Membrane Protein 1 | inhibit metastasis | [159] | ||
circRNA | serum | circ-0072089 | sponge with miR-375 and upregulate MMP-16 | inhibit metastasis | [161] | |
Cell culture fluid | hsa_circ_0004658 | activate hsa_circ_0004658/miR-499b-5p/JAM3 pathway | promote metastasis | [254] | ||
Plasma | hsa_circ_0051444 | upregulate BAK1 and competitive bound to miR-331-4p | inhibit metastasis | [162] | ||
gastric cancer | miRNA | Cell culture fluid | miR-29b | not mention | inhibit metastasis | [255] |
circRNA | serum | CircRNA ITCH | regulate miR-199a-5p/Klotho axis | inhibit metastasis | [165] | |
Cell culture fluid | CDR1as | activate the CDR1as/miR-876-5p/GNG7 axis | inhibit metastasis | [164] | ||
Cell culture fluid | circRELL1 | upregulate the expression of EPHB3 | inhibit metastasis | [148] | ||
pancreatic cancer | miRNA | Cell culture fluid | miR-485-3p | decrease the PAK1 expression | inhibits metastasis | [166] |
Cell culture fluid | miRNA-29b | downregulate of ROBO1 and SRGAP2 | inhibits metastasis | [256] | ||
Cell culture fluid | miRNA-339-5p | decrease TGFBR3 levels and activate TGF-β signal | inhibits metastasis | [257] | ||
circRNA | Cell culture fluid | circ_0030167 | activate miR-338-5p/wnt8/β-catenin axis | inhibit metastasis | [167] | |
Cell culture fluid | Circ_0006790 | downregulate S100A11, via CBX7-catalyzed DNA hypermethylation, bind to CBX7, MiRNA sponge for miR-144 | inhibit metastasis | [168] |