Fig. 7

Metabolites, metabolic pathways and related metabolic genes that work in autophagy. mTORC is an important negative regulator of autophagy, and many factors promote autophagy by inhibiting mTORC. Rasfonin regulates autophagy both through AKT and mTORC. Amino acid deprivation inhibits mTORC through p27, its combination with LAMTOR in turn accelerates autophagy. Hexokinase II can inhibit mTORC, thus promoting autophagy. AMPK can also inhibit mTORC under the regulation of lncRNA DRAIC. Under low energy state stimulation of AMPK can promote autophagy. The STK11/LKB1-AMPK axis also exerts a pro-autophagic effect by affecting AMPK. Glucose deprivation promotes nuclear translocation of GAPDH and binding to SITR1 via AMPK, which in turn promotes autophagy. The red boxes represent negative regulators and the green boxes represent positive regulators