Table 2 Metabolic perspectives in immunotherapy and drug development

JHU083

Glu

Monotherapy

Alleviating tumor growth in various solid tumor models and significantly increased mouse survival

[52]

C75

FASN

In combination with the PI3Kα-specific inhibitor CYH33

Enhanced M1 polarization of macrophages and activity of CD8+ T cells that synergistically inhibit tumor growth and enhance host immunity

[124]

L-Arginine

BAZ1B, PSIP1, and TSN

Monotherapy

Enhances T-cell survival and anti-tumor activity

[47]

Anti-hARG1 mAbs

ARG1

In combination with ICIs

ARG1 blockade in combination with ICIs has a therapeutic effect by increasing tumor infiltration of activated CD3⁺ T cells in vitro

[166]

V-9302

glutamine transporter

Monotherapy

Inhibiting the update of glutamine in TNBC cells and but does not affect anti-tumor T cells

[53]

VISTA

PSGL-1

In combination with anti-PD-1

Alteration of acidic pH due to accumulation of local glycolytic products in tumors, reverses T cell suppression, and triggers immune rejection

[101]

Citrate

PFK1 and PFK2

In combination with Cisplatin

Reducing ATP production, induces apoptosis, and sensitizes cells to cisplatin treatment

[86]

BPTES

GCPII

Monotherapy or in combination with glutaminase

Decreasing glutamate concentration and inhibits tumor growth

[257]

Rapamycin

mTORC1

Monotherapy

Facilitating EpCAM CAR-T cell bone marrow migration by upregulating CXCR4

[173]

Impairing DC differentiation and survival

[260]

Specifically interferes with GM-CSF signaling in human DCs

[261]

2DG

HK2

Monotherapy

Inhibition of IFN-γ production and granzyme B expression by NK cells

[262, 263]

Avasimibe

ACAT-1

Monotherapy

Up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes increases plasma membrane cholesterol levels and improves synaptic function in CD8⁺ T cells

[70]