Table 1 Expression of RANKL, RUNX2, Smad 5 and p-Smad 5 in prostatic carcinoma and normal tissue microarray sections

Normal prostatic epithelial cells and PCa adjacent to these cells (n = 26)

Cancer cells appear normal

Normal cells = 63.0 ± 8%

Normal cells = 18.3 ± 6%

Normal cells = <6%

Normal cells = 22 ± 6.5%

PCa = 28%

PCa = 33%

PCa = 16 ± 6%

PCa =12 ± 3.1%

Stromal cells <5%

Stromal cells 8-10%

Stromal cells = <6%

Adenocarcinoma Grade 1 (n = 8) (Type: Malignant)

Cells appear normal and well differentiated

PCa = 60.7 ± 23%

PCa = 56.4 ± 8%**

PCa = 32 ± 5%**

PCa = 42 ± 8.4%**

Stromal cells = <5%

Stromal cells =8%

Stromal cells = <5%

Stromal cells =12 ± 2.82%

Grade 2 (n = 12) (Type: Malignant)

Cells appear slightly different than normal

PCa = 71.3 ± 20%

PCa >63.3 ± 12%**

PCa >59 ± 14%**

PCa >46 ± 6.2%**

Stromal cells ~5-8%

Stromal cells ~5%

Stromal cells ~5%

Stromal cells =10 ± 3.2%

Adenocarcinoma Grade 2–3 and 3 (n = 16) (Type:Malignant)

Cells appear abnormal Stroma is less.

PCa = 76 ± 8%

PCa >72 ± 11%**

PCa >78 ± 18%***

PCa = 65 ± 13%**