Liquid biopsy: a step forward towards precision medicine in urologic malignancies

Table 2 Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive applications of cell-free DNA

Clinical application	Cancer type	Sample type	Type of cfDNA analysis	Reference
Predict treatment response	• RCC • Bladder • Prostate	• Plasma • Serum	• cfDNA^a level • Methylation • Mutations	[13, 29, 37–40]
Predict recurrence	• RCC • Bladder • Prostate	• Plasma • Urine	• Mutations • Methylation • cfDNA %	[14, 30, 32]
Prognosis	• RCC • Bladder • Prostate	• Plasma • Serum	• ctDNA^b level • DNA integrity • Methylation	[20, 23, 35, 36]
Diagnosis	• RCC • Bladder • Prostate	• Urine • Plasma • Serum	• Alteration in DNA level • cfDNA integrity • Methylation • Mutations	[15–18, 20, 21, 24–28] [31, 33, 34]

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