Fig. 1

The regulating mechanism of autophagy. The signaling pathways regulating autophagy are complex. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated signaling pathway inhibits autophagy, P53-activated PTEN and AMPK promotes autophagy by blocking PI3K and mTOR activation. The Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway induces autophagy. The JNK signaling pathway stimulates autophagy by activating AMPK. The ER-Derived Ca2+ signaling pathway enhances IP3Rs-mediated Ca2+ release, which suppresses autophagy by inhibiting AMPK activation and enhances autophagy via activating CaMKKβ and AMPK, moreover, ER-Derived Ca2+ provides Beclin1 for autophagy induction. In addition, autophagy can be blocked by sirtuin1 and P38 MAPK