Fig. 1

Cellular constituents within the tumor microenvironment. In addition to the cancer cells, the tumor stroma is comprised of many other supporting cell populations as well as the extracellular matrix, which crucially contribute to the tumor progression. The characteristics and function of individual cell populations are described in the Table 1. Abbreviations: TAM tumor-associated macrophage, TAN tumor-associated neutrophil, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cell, NK natural killer cell, Treg regulatory T cell, CAF cancer-associated fibroblast, ECM extracellular matrix