Fig. 3
From: Noncoding RNAs in cancer immunity: functions, regulatory mechanisms, and clinical application
ncRNAs as potential targets for immunotherapies. a TGFβ represents one of the most significant immune barriers imposed by tumors. In the tumor microenvironment, TGFβ establishes immunosuppression via the c-Myc/miR-23a/Blimp-1 axis. In engineered cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes blockade of miR-23a restores adoptive T cell transfer therapy. b Immune-checkpoint proteins, such as PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1, can tightly regulate the activation or repression of the functions of T cells and influence the cancer immune response. The most relevant ncRNAs invovled in regulating the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are included in Fig. 3b