Fig. 2
From: Exosomal noncoding RNAs in Glioma: biological functions and potential clinical applications
The main process of exosome biogenesis and release. a The biogenesis of exosome begins at endosome formation through endocytosis at the plasma membrane, and then early endosomes maturate to multivesicular bodies (MVB). Exosomes are formed as intraluminal vesicles (ILV) in MVBs though endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) dependent or independent pathway. Generally, MVBs either fuse with the lysosome for degradation or fuse with the plasma membrane, which results in ILVs (exosomes) secretion. After secretion, exosomes uptake by target cells is mediated by endocytosis, fusion with the plasma membrane or ligand/receptor interaction. b Both the ESCRT- dependent and independent pathway are implicated in controlling the cargos sorting of exosomes