Table 1 Potential exosomes biomarkers involved in pancreas precancerous diseases

Calreticulin/Gp96/ORP150

Islet β-cells

DCs

Increase activation of APCs

T1DM

[38]

CCN2/miR-21

PSCs

PSCs

Stimulate the migration, proliferation, and division of PSCs as well as the collagen and fibronectin secretion

CP

[39]

FABP4 ↑

Serum

Not mentioned

Exacerbate insulin resistance and result in hyperglycemia

T2DM

[40]

GAD65/IA-2/Pro-insulin

Islet β-cells

DCs/T-cells

Decrease β-cell content and insulin secretion

T1DM

[38]

Klotho

MSCs

PACs

Block inflammatory responses and apoptosis

AP

[41]

RBP4

Adipocytes

Macrophages

Stimulate macrophages to secrete IL-6 or TNF-α

IR

[42]

TAAs ↑

Serum

B lymphocytes

Prevent B lymphocytes from recognizing PaCa cells

IS

[43,44,45]

MiR-16

SKMs

Islet β-cells

Inhibit β-cell proliferation

IR and T2DM

[46]

MiR-16-5p/574-5p/21-5p ↓

Serum

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

T1DM

[47]

MiR-30/133b/342 ↑

Urine

Adipocytes

Not mentioned

T2DM

[48]

MiR-106b-5p/222-3p-c

BMCs

Islet β-cells

Induce β-cells proliferation

T1DM

[49]

MiR-142-3p/142-5p/155

T lymphocytes

Islet β-cells

Induce apoptosis in β-cells

T1DM

[50]

MiR-146a/b/195/497

Islet tumor cells

Islet tumor/β-cells

Induce apoptosis in islet tumor cells and β-cells

T2DM

[51]

MiR-155/222/486

ADCs

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

DM

[52,53,54]

MiR-203

PaCa cells

DCs

inhibit the expression of TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-12

IS

[55]

MiR-212-3p

PaCa cells

DCs

Inhibit DCs from presenting antigens to T lymphocytes

IS

[56]

MiR-375 ↑

Serum

Not mentioned

Reduce insulin secretion and islet formation

T2DM

[57, 58]

MiR-1260a/494-3p

*PaCa cells

iPBMCs

Not mentioned

IS

[59]

lncRNA ENST/mRNA AEP/legumain

PaCa cells

DCs

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

[60]