Table 2 Potential exosomes biomarkers involved in PaCa metastasis

CD44v6

hPaCa-CM

hPaCa cells

Enhance migration and invasion

Activate Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and increase PAI-1, MMP and TIM-1

[110]

CD151/Tspan8

rPaCa-CM

hPaCa cells

Promote EMT, migration and metastasis, and increase drug resistance

Increase expression of chemokine and receptor such as CXCR4 and EGFR3

[111, 112]

Claudin7

rPaCIC

hPaCa cells

Promote migration and invasion

Increase pAkt/Bcl-2/Bcl-XL /MDR1, promote matrix degradation, and reprogram SC and HPC

[113]

ICAM-1/AA

hPaCa-CM

Macrophage

Induce macrophage phenotype change and promote tumor growth

Increase VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9 and TNF-α

[114]

Lin28B

hPaCa-CM

hPaCa/PSC

Promote metastatic invasion

Activate Lin28B/let-7/HMGA2 /PDGFB axis

[115]

MIF

m/hPaCa-CM

KC/HSC

Promote the formation of the liver pre-metastatic niche

Up-regulate TGF-β expression and induce fibronectin secretion

[116]

Plectin

hPaCa-CM

hPaCa cells

Induce migration, proliferation and invasion

Not mentioned

[117]

Tspan8/106/49d

rPaCa-CM

EC

Induce proliferation, migration, sprouting and progenitors maturation of EC

Induce VEGF-independent angiogenesis

[118]

VEGF

hPaCa cells

hPaCa cells

Enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis

Activate VEGF signal pathway to stimulate angiogenesis and tumor growth

[119]

ZIP4

haPaCa-CM

hPaCa cells

Increase proliferation, migration, and invasion of non-metastatic PaCa cells

Not mentioned

[120]

miR-27a

hPaCa-CM

HMVEC

Promote cell survival and growth

Induce angiogenesis by inhibiting BTG2 expression

[121]

miR-222

CM/Serum

hPaCa cells

Enhance proliferation and invasion

Induce decrease, phosphorylation and redistribution of p27 via PPP2R2A/Akt axis

[122]

miR-301a-3p

hPaCa-CM

Macrophage

Enhance migration and invasion, and induce macrophage phenotype change

Activate PTEN/PI3K signaling pathway

[123]

miR-339-5p

mPaCa-CM

mPaCa cells

Enhance migration and invasion

Decrease expression of zinc finger protein ZNF689

[124]

miR-501-3p

Macrophage

hPaCa cells

Induce tumorigenesis and metastasis

Decrease TGFBR3 levels and activate TGF-β signaling

[125]

miR-1246/1290

hPaCa-CM

PSC

Promote PSC proliferation and pancreatic fibrosis

Induce Akt/ERK activation and increase α-SMA and procollagen type I C-peptide

[126]

mRNA-hTERT

hPaCa serum

PHFF

Induce proliferation and inhibit senescence

Enhance telomerase activity

[127]

circ-IARS

hPaCa-CM

EC/HUVEC

Promote angiogenesis and metastasis by enhancing endothelial monolayer permeability and inducing HUVEC growth

Down-regulate miR-122 and ZO-1, up-regulate RhoA, RhoA-GTP, and F-actin as well as promote focal adhesion

[128]

circ-PDE8A

hPaCa serum

hPaCa cells

Promote invasive growth

Activate MACC/MET/ERK/Akt axis

[129]