From: The potential roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer initiation and metastasis
Biomarkers | Sample | Target cell | Exosome function | Signaling pathway | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD44v6 | hPaCa-CM | hPaCa cells | Enhance migration and invasion | Activate Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and increase PAI-1, MMP and TIM-1 | [110] |
CD151/Tspan8 | rPaCa-CM | hPaCa cells | Promote EMT, migration and metastasis, and increase drug resistance | Increase expression of chemokine and receptor such as CXCR4 and EGFR3 | |
Claudin7 | rPaCIC | hPaCa cells | Promote migration and invasion | Increase pAkt/Bcl-2/Bcl-XL /MDR1, promote matrix degradation, and reprogram SC and HPC | [113] |
ICAM-1/AA | hPaCa-CM | Macrophage | Induce macrophage phenotype change and promote tumor growth | Increase VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9 and TNF-α | [114] |
Lin28B | hPaCa-CM | hPaCa/PSC | Promote metastatic invasion | Activate Lin28B/let-7/HMGA2 /PDGFB axis | [115] |
MIF | m/hPaCa-CM | KC/HSC | Promote the formation of the liver pre-metastatic niche | Up-regulate TGF-β expression and induce fibronectin secretion | [116] |
Plectin | hPaCa-CM | hPaCa cells | Induce migration, proliferation and invasion | Not mentioned | [117] |
Tspan8/106/49d | rPaCa-CM | EC | Induce proliferation, migration, sprouting and progenitors maturation of EC | Induce VEGF-independent angiogenesis | [118] |
VEGF | hPaCa cells | hPaCa cells | Enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis | Activate VEGF signal pathway to stimulate angiogenesis and tumor growth | [119] |
ZIP4 | haPaCa-CM | hPaCa cells | Increase proliferation, migration, and invasion of non-metastatic PaCa cells | Not mentioned | [120] |
miR-27a | hPaCa-CM | HMVEC | Promote cell survival and growth | Induce angiogenesis by inhibiting BTG2 expression | [121] |
miR-222 | CM/Serum | hPaCa cells | Enhance proliferation and invasion | Induce decrease, phosphorylation and redistribution of p27 via PPP2R2A/Akt axis | [122] |
miR-301a-3p | hPaCa-CM | Macrophage | Enhance migration and invasion, and induce macrophage phenotype change | Activate PTEN/PI3K signaling pathway | [123] |
miR-339-5p | mPaCa-CM | mPaCa cells | Enhance migration and invasion | Decrease expression of zinc finger protein ZNF689 | [124] |
miR-501-3p | Macrophage | hPaCa cells | Induce tumorigenesis and metastasis | Decrease TGFBR3 levels and activate TGF-β signaling | [125] |
miR-1246/1290 | hPaCa-CM | PSC | Promote PSC proliferation and pancreatic fibrosis | Induce Akt/ERK activation and increase α-SMA and procollagen type I C-peptide | [126] |
mRNA-hTERT | hPaCa serum | PHFF | Induce proliferation and inhibit senescence | Enhance telomerase activity | [127] |
circ-IARS | hPaCa-CM | EC/HUVEC | Promote angiogenesis and metastasis by enhancing endothelial monolayer permeability and inducing HUVEC growth | Down-regulate miR-122 and ZO-1, up-regulate RhoA, RhoA-GTP, and F-actin as well as promote focal adhesion | [128] |
circ-PDE8A | hPaCa serum | hPaCa cells | Promote invasive growth | Activate MACC/MET/ERK/Akt axis | [129] |