Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment

Table 1 The potential of exosomes as a new approach to cancer vaccines in animal models

Animal Models	Cancer	External stimulus	Exosome source	Clinical significance	Reference
BALB/c mice	None	Exposure to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	From alveolar region	Induce the maturation of DCs and activation of T cells	[142]
WEHI3B-bearing mice	Leukemia	Vaccination with TAE-loaded DC	TAE	Upregulate CD11c, MHC II and IL-12 in DC	[143]
Mouse plasmacytoma model	Plasmacytoma	Vaccination with a single dose (5 microg) of exosome protein	From plasmacytoma cells	Produce specific CTLs, induce tumor-specific immunity	[144]
C57BL/6 mice	Melanoma	Vaccination with CIITA-Exo	CIITA gene modified TAE	Trigger Th-1 type immune responses	[145]
BALB/c mice	Malignant mesothelioma	Vaccination with TAE-loaded DC	TAE	Increase median and overall survival of mice	[146]
Tumor-bearing mice	Melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma	Vaccination with DEX bearing antigens from two types of tumor	DEX	Prevents both tumors growth in mice	[148]
B16-bearing mice	Melanoma	Vaccination with DEXs loaded with the iNKT-cell ligand αGC	DEX	Activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increase the survival of mice	[149]

Note: DC dendritic cell. TAE Tumor-associated exosomes. DEX DC-derived exosomes. CIITA Class II transactivator. αGC α-galactosylceramide

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