Table 2 The ongoing clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy based on exosomes

Immunotherapeutic vaccines

NCT01159288

Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris

Completed

NSCLC

mCTX- and tumor antigen-loaded Dex

Dex are able to activate innate and adaptive immunity

NCT01550523

Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University

Completed

Recurrent malignant gliomas

An antisense molecule designed to shut down a targeted surface receptor protein by TAEs

TAEs deliver tumor antigens, and activate the immune response

NCT03608631

M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

Not yet recruiting

Pancreas cancer

iExosomes

iExosomes may work better at treating Metastatic pancreatic cancer with KrasG12D mutation

Markers of cancer diagnosis and prognosis

NCT03542253

Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University

Not yet recruiting

Early lung cancer

None

Exosomal microRNAs combined CT as early diagnostic markers

NCT03830619

Wuhan Union Hospital, China

Recruiting

Lung cancer

None

Exosomal lncRNAs as diagnostic markers

NCT03974204

Centre Oscar Lambret

Not yet recruiting

Breast cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis

None

Exosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid as diagnostic markers

NCT04182893

Shanghai Chest Hospital

Recruiting

Malignant pulmonary nodules

None

ctDNA and exosome RNA combined as diagnostic markers

NCT04053855

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne

Recruiting

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

None

Urinary exosomes as early diagnostic markers

NCT03821909

The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School

Recruiting

Pancreatic cancer

None

MicroRNA markers of exosomes from patients with primary tumors as diagnostic and prognostic markers

NCT01344109

Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center

Withdrawn

Breast cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

TAEs as diagnostic and prognostic markers

NCT03911999

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Recruiting

Prostate cancer

None

Exosomal microRNAs as diagnostic and monitoring markers

NCT01779583

Hospital Miguel Servet

Unknown

Gastric cancer

None

TAEs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers

NCT03102268

The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University

Recruiting

Cholangiocarcinoma

Surgery

Noncoding RNAs from TAEs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers

NCT02439008

Centre Oscar Lambret

Terminated

Carcinoma

High-dose hypofractionated radiotherapy

Early markers of tumor response

NCT03874559

University of Kansas Medical Center

Recruiting

Rectal cancer

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy

Pathologic response markers

NCT02862470

National Taiwan University Hospital

Active, not recruiting

Thyroid cancer

Lovastatin and Vildagliptin

Urine exosomes as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets

NCT03581435

Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Recruiting

Gallbladder carcinoma

None

Circulating exosome from blood specimens as prognostic and predictive markers

NCT02310451

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice

Unknown

Metastatic melanoma

Alkylating agents (temozolomide and fotemustine) or vemurafenib

Exosomes from senescent Melanoma cells as a prognostic factor and marker of therapeutic response

NCT03985696

University Hospital, Limoges

Recruiting

Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas

Monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, in combination of CHOP chemotherapy

Immunotherapeutic targets (CD20, PD-L1) on exosomes from B-NHL contribute to therapeutic resistance

NCT02393703

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Active, not recruiting

Pancreatic cancer

None

Disease recurrence and outcomes markers

NCT03800121

Centre Georges Francois Leclerc

Recruiting

Sarcoma

None

Serum TAEs to monitor disease and predict recurrence

NCT03108677

Ruijin Hospital

Recruiting

Primary high-grade osteosarcoma with lung metastases

None

Circulating exosomal RNA as marker for lung metastases

Drug delivery carriers

NCT01294072

University of Louisville

Active, not recruiting

Colon cancer

Curcumin

Plant exosomes as delivery vehicle for curcumin