Table 3 Expression of DDX3X in various cancers

Glioma

mRNA and Protein

High

–

Positively correlated with WHO Grading; associated with poor median survival

–

[77]

Medulloblastoma (MB)

Protein

High

55% (31/56) in pediatric

67% (6/9) in adult

–

Mainly in cytoplasm

[79]

Meningioma

Protein

High

–

Significantly higher in atypical meningiomas than in benign meningiomas

Mainly in cytoplasm

[83]

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSSC)

Protein

Protein

Protein

High

High

Low

71% (15/21)

51% (217/423)

90% (290/324)

Associated with lymph node metastasis (N value), stage and poor patient survival

Associated with shorter median survival (HR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.00–1.81) in smokers

Associated with male gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, poor RSF and poor OS; associated with poorer OS in non-smokers

Mainly in cytoplasm

Subtype: 206 OSCC and 217 OPSSC;

Mainly in cytoplasm

Subtype: OSCC;

Both in cytoplasm and nucleus

[29]

[85]

[49]

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC)

Protein

–

–

–

normal epidermis: mainly in nuclear; cSCC: mainly in cytoplasm

[20]

Lung cancer

Protein

mRNA

Protein

high

Low

Low

66% (63/94)

53% (73/138)

53% (76/144)

Associated with a shorter survival time (HR = 2.1, 95% CI; 1.13–3.93); a predictor of OS

-

Associated with a shorter median period of OS (HR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.04–2.48) and RSF (HR = 1.78, 95%CI = 1.17–2.69)

Mainly in cytoplasm

More common in E6 positive or P53 mutation samples;

Associated with P21 and E-cadherin expression

[89]

[26]

[92]

Breast cancer

Protein

High

35% (127/366)

–

Cytoplasm; associated with hypoxia response

[95]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

mRNA

Protein

mRNA

High

Low

Low

64% (29/45)

57% (49/86)

58% (26/45)

-

More common in males and HBV-positive patients

-

-

-

-

[90]

[23]

[20]

Gallbladder carcinoma

Protein

High

55% (69/126)

Associated with large tumor size, high TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, poor surgical curability and OS

Mainly in cytoplasm

[28]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)

Protein

High

52% (55/106)

Associated with poor differentiation, surrounding tissue and lymph node metastasis, advanced TMN stage, shorter survival and motility

Mainly in cytoplasm

[27]

Colorectal cancer (CRC)

Protein

Protein

mRNA

High

High

Low

41% (124/303)

53% (28/53)

-

-

-

Prognostic predictive indicator (RNA sequencing, HR = 0.53; RNA microarray analysis, HR = 0.72); associated with poor OS and RFS, distant metastasis

Mainly in cytoplasm

-

-

[98]

[99]

[103]

Prostate cancer

Protein

High

–

–

Both in cytoplasm and nuclear; positively associated with P21, androgen receptor (AR), PHD2, PHD3, CA9

[104]

Sarcoma

Protein

High

61% (103/170)

–

Mainly in cytoplasm

[105]