Table 3 Representative examples of the advancement of nanovectors in cancer therapy
From: Delivery of cancer therapies by synthetic and bio-inspired nanovectors
Nanovector family | Therapy | Drug administration | Phase | Cancer types | Route of administration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic nanoparticles | Chemotherapy | PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®/Caelyx®) | Approved (1995) | Ovary, Kaposi’s sarcoma, multiple myeloma | Intravenous | [137] |
Non-PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Myocet®) | Approved (2000) | Breast | Intravenous | |||
Albumin particle-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®) | Approved (2005) | NSCLC, breast, pancreas | Intravenous | |||
PEGylated liposomal irinotecan (Onivyde®/MM-398®) | Approved (2015) | Pancreas | Intravenous | |||
Non-PEGylated liposomal cytarabine:daunorubicin (VYXEOS®/CPX-351®) | Approved (2017) | AML | Intravenous | |||
Gene therapy | TR-targeted liposomes encapsulating a p53-encoding plasmid (SGT-53®) | I/II | Pediatric solid tumors, glioblastoma, pancreas | Intravenous | NCT02354547, NCT02340117, NCT02340156 | |
RNA interference | Lipid nanoparticles encapsulating interfering RNAs | I/II | Solid tumors, Edwing’s sarcoma, liver, AML | Intravenous | [247] | |
TME modification | Various NPs for CAFs, TAMs, ECs, ECM suppression or normalization | Preclinical | Various cancer models | Mostly intravenous | [291] | |
Immunotherapy | Vectorization of various immunomodulators | Preclinical | Various cancer models | Mostly intravenous | [291] | |
Inorganic nanoparticles | Hyperthermia | Minosilane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Nanotherm®) | Approved (2010) | Glioblastoma | Intratumoral | [307] |
Radiotherapy | Hafnium oxide nanoparticles (NBTXR3®/Hensify®) | Approved (2019) | Squamous cell carcinoma | Intratumoral | [137] | |
RNA interference | siRNAs adsorbed on gold nanoparticles | I | Glioblastoma | Intravenous | [247] | |
Bacterial minicells | Chemotherapy | EGFR-targeted, doxorubicin-loaded minicells | I/II | Glioblastoma | Intravenous | [63] |
RNA interference | EGFR-targeted minicells containing a miRNA mimics cocktail | I | Mesothelioma, NSCLC | Intravenous | [64] | |
Extracellular vesicles | Chemotherapy | Tumor-derived microvesicles packaging methotrexate | II | Lung cancer | Intravenous | NCT02657460 |
Gene therapy | Tumor-derived exosomes loaded with CRISPR-Cas9 against PARP1 | Proof-of-concept | Heterotopic ovarian cancer model | Intravenous | [308] | |
RNA interference | MSC-derived exosomes loaded with anti-KrasG12D siRNAs | I | Metastatic prostate cancer | Intravenous | NCT03608631 | |
Virus-like particles | Chemotherapy | Tobacco Mosaic Virus carrying phenanthriplatin | Preclinical | Heterotopic breast cancer model | Intravenous | [73] |
Gene therapy | TP53-encoding non-replicating adenovirus | Diverse | Solid cancers | Mostly intratumoral | [208] | |
M13 phage encoding HSV-TK | Preclinical | Orthotopic glioblastoma model | Intravenous | [309] | ||
RNA delivery | MS2-derived VLPs carrying siRNAs | Proof-of-concept | Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line | NA | [310] | |
Oncolytic viruses | Chemotherapy | HSV-TK-encoding adenovirus | II | Triple-negative breast cancer, NSCLC, prostate | Intratumoral | NCT03004183, [311] |
HSV-TK-encoding vaccinia virus | II | Solid tumors | Intravenous | NCT04226066 | ||
Radiotherapy | NIS-encoding measles virus | II II | Multiple myeloma Ovarian, fallopian and peritoneal cancers | Intravenous Intraperitoneal | NCT02192775 NCT02364713 | |
Gene therapy | TP53-encoding replicating viruses | Preclinical | Many solid cancers models | Intravenous / Intratumoral | [208] | |
RNA interference | Oncogene silencing with small RNAs-encoding Adenovirus and HSV | Preclinical | Many solid cancer models | NA | ||
TME modification | Hyaluronidase-expressing adenovirus | Preclinical | Orthotopic glioblastoma model | Intratumoral | [134] | |
Immunotherapy | GM-CSF-encoding herpes simplex virus (Talimogene laherparepvec) | Approved (2015) | Melanoma | Intratumoral |