Fig. 2
From: The role and application of small extracellular vesicles in gastric cancer
The transmission of sEVs related to GC. a GC derived sEVs could promote angiogenesis through endothelial cells and affect different immune cells in tumor microenvironment. They could also differentiate adipocytes into brown-like type. b GC derived sEVs could convert pericytes, endothelial, fibroblasts and MSC into CAF, which can transform into tumor microenvironment through different pathway. Also, sEVs secreted by CAF could induce GC progression. c Microenvironment-derived and H.pylori-derived sEVs could promote GC progression. d GC cells-derived sEVs could promote cancer progression through several contents and signal pathways. e GC cells-derived sEVs could promote liver metastasis, peritoneal metastasis and lymphatic metastasis. Abbreviations: GC, gastric cancer; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; EMT, epithelial mesenchymal transition; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori