Table 4 Citrullination and cell signaling in cancer
Biological process | PAD | Citrullinated Cite | Cell Signaling | Regulating process |
|---|---|---|---|---|
EMT | PAD1 | MEK1 | ERk1/2 P38 MAPK | MMP2↑ [109] |
PAD4 | GSK3β | TGF-β | Vimentin↑ E-cadherin↓ [110] | |
PAD4 | unknown | unknown | Elk1↓ [111] | |
Proliferation | PAD2 | RNAP2 R1810 | transcription | Altering gene expression [112] |
PAD4 | Histone H3 | HMGB1 TLR9 | NET↑ [113] | |
PAD2 | β-catenin | Wnt/β-catenin | Wnt signaling↓ [114] | |
Metastasis | PAD4 | Histone H3 | Integrinα-3β-1 | NET↑ NE↑ MMP9↑ [115] |
PAD4 | Histone H3 | HMGB1 TLR9 | NET↑ [113] | |
PAD4 | Histone H3 | TLR4/9-COX2 | NET↑ [116] | |
Apoptosis | PAD4 | ING4 | P53 | P21↓ [52] |
PAD4 | OKL38 | P53 | Histone methylation↓ [108] | |
DNA damage | PAD4 | Histone H3 | P53 | Regulating gene expression [92] |
PAD4 | NPM1 | P53 | growth-inhibitory activity↑ [117] | |
PAD4 | Histone H4R3 | P53 | chromatin decondensation and DNA cleavage↑ [56] | |
Autophagy | unknown | MHC-II | Antigen recognition | Antitumor immunity↑ [118] |
unknown | Histone H3 | HMGB1 | NET↑ [119] |