Fig. 1

Tumor-derived exosomes inhibit differentiation of dendritic cells. Tumor-derived exosomes contain several biomolecules including COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), TGF-β (transforming growth factor- β), IL-6, HSP70, HSP72, HLA-G and glycolytic enzymes, thereby could affect bone marrow progenitors and inhibit differentiation of DCs and monocytes, while promoting the polarization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Exosomes derived from tumors can also impede monocytes differentiation toward DCs. Mo-DCs: monocyte-derived dendritic cells