Table 2 Regulatory factors regulating autophagy and tumor behaviors
From: Crosstalk between autophagy and microbiota in cancer progression
Regulatory factors | ATGs | Stage of autophagy | Cancer type | Tumor promotion /Tumor suppression | Tumor Behavior | Molecular mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRPM3 | ULK1 LC3 | Induce autophagy initiation and maturation | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | Tumor promotion | Proliferation | TRPM3 promotes autophagy through miR-214 and CAMKK2-ULK1 cascade, thus supports the ccRCC cell growth. | [76] |
TRIM59 | Beclin-1 | induce autophagy nucleation | Non-small cell lung cancer | Tumor promotion | Tumor progression | TRIM59 promotes the transcription and the ubiquitination of BECN1 to facilitate tumor progression. | [77] |
POX | Beclin-1 LC3 | Induce autophagy nucleation and maturation | Colorectal cancer | Tumor promotion | Tumor survival | POX induces autophagy activation and promotes tumor cell survival in hypoxic TME. | [78] |
CK1α | ATG7 | Induce autophagy maturation | Lung tumor | Tumor suppression | Proliferation | CK1α activates PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a/ ATG7 axis to induce autophagy and suppress lung tumor growth. | [79] |
IFN-γ | LC3 | Induce autophagy maturation | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor suppression | Proliferation | IFN-γ induces autophagy through IRF-1 to inhibit tumor growth. | [80] |
IFN-γ | Beclin-1 | Induce autophagy nucleation | Gastric cancer | Tumor suppression | Tumorigenesis | IFN-γ induces autophagy through upregulation of Beclin-1 for inhibiting tumorigenesis. | [81] |
HOTAIR | Beclin-1 LC3 | Inhibit autophagic activity | Cervical cancer | Tumor promotion | EMT process and radioresistance | HOTAIR attenuates sensitivity to radiotherapy by reduction of autophagy and reversal of EMT via Wnt signaling. | [82] |
CTA | LC3 p62 | Inhibit autophagy maturation | Osteosarcoma | Tumor suppression | Apoptosis and chemoresistance | CTA promotes apoptosis and reduces chemoresistance via downregulating BNIP3/BNIP3L and autophagy. | [83] |
miR-93 | Beclin-1 ATG4B ATG5 | Inhibit autophagy nucleation and maturation | Glioblastoma | Tumor promotion | Chemoresistance | miRNA-93 inhibits multiple autophagy protein and reduces chemoresistance in GSCs. | [84] |
miR-18a* miR-4802 | ATG7 ULK1 | Inhibit autophagy initiation and maturation | Colorectal cancer | Tumor promotion | Chemoresistance | Selective loss of miR-18a*/4802 activates cancer autophagy and enhances CRC chemoresistance. | [36] |
FXYD6 | Beclin-1 LC3 p62 | Inhibit autophagy nucleation and maturation | Colorectal cancer | Tumor suppression | Chemoresistance | FXYD6 regulates cell autophagy via ATP-α1 activity and decreases chemotherapy resistance. | [85] |
IRF1 | Beclin-1 ATG7 | Inhibit autophagy nucleation and maturation | Breast cancer | Tumor suppression | Chemoresistance | IRF1 inhibits the formation of autophagic vacuole and BECN1 expression to restore drug sensitivity to ICI. | [86] |
HMGB1 | LC3 p62 | Induce autophagy maturation | Leukemia | Tumor promotion | Chemoresistance | HMGB1 induces autophagy through the PI3K/MEK/ERK pathway, thus promotes chemotherapy resistance. | [87] |