Methods | Exosome sources | Sample volume | Nucleic acids | Detection mechanism | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Droplet digital PCR | Urine | 2 mL | miRNA; gene variation | Nucleic acid amplification of droplets in an oil emulsion | Absolute quantification; small sample volume; high accuracy and sensitivity; | High-cost; limited throughout; complex operation | [163] |
Cerebrospinal fluid of GBM patients | 1 mL | IDH1 mutation | [164] | ||||
Plasma samples of HCC patients and control cohorts | 90 μL | HCC-specific mRNA | [61] | ||||
Cancer cell lines and patient plasma | 2 μL | GAPDH mRNA | [165] | ||||
Human plasma | Â | miR-15a-5p | [40] | ||||
Human plasma | Â | PGR mRNA; ESR1 mRNA; ERBB2 mRNA | [120] | ||||
Clinical blood | 1.5 mL | EV-lncRNA of SLC9A3-AS1 and PCAT6 | [166] | ||||
Serum | 100 μL | circHIPK3 and circSM ARCA5 | [167] | ||||
Molecular beacons | Cancer cells and human serums | 35 μL | miRNA-21 | Fluorescent, enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probes identifying and detecting nucleic acid with complementary sequences | High specificity, simplicity; low background fluorescence; rapid detection | High-cost; limited throughout | [122] |
Breast cancer cell line and human plasma | Â | miR-21; miR-375; and miR-27a | [121] | ||||
Prostate cancer cells and human urine | Â | miRNA-375 and miRNA-574-3p | [168] | ||||
Human plasma | 10 μL | miR-1246 | [169] | ||||
RBC-derived EVs | Â | miRNA-451a | [170] | ||||
PCA cell | Â | miR-21 | [151] | ||||
DNA tetrahedron probe | Serum | Â | miR-21 | Leverage localized reaction and cascade amplification | High specificity and sensitivity | High-cost | [171] |
Plasma | 1 mL | miR-1246; miR-221; miR-375; miR-21 | [172] | ||||
SPR Detection | Pancreatic cancer cells and plasma | 50 μL | miR-10b | The change of dielectric constant caused by molecule adsorption on the heavy metal film | High specificity and sensitivity; label-free | Nonspecific adsorption | [173] |
Plasma | Â | miRNA | [123] | ||||
Mouse serum | Â | miR-10b | [174] | ||||
Single Vesicle Analysis | Serum | Â | hsa-miRNA-21 | Single-vesicle imaging | Direct visualization; acknowledgement of heterogeneity at the single-vesicle level | Nonspecific adsorption | [119] |
Thermophoretic Detection | Serum | 0.5 μL | miRNA | Nanoflare induced amplified fluorescence signal | Without the need for EV pre-isolation; high sensitivity; rapid detection; low cost |  | [175] |
CRISPR/Cas-assisted detection | Plasma | 500 μL | miRNA-21; miRNA-221; miRNA-222 | CRISPR/Cas9 | High sensitivity and specificity |  | [176] |