Fig. 3

Hypoxia-driven crosstalk between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The complex interplay between tumor cells and TAMs under hypoxia conditions may have tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive consequences. The mediators that are responsible for tumor cell-to-TAM communication under hypoxia include exosomes, cytokines, growth factors, cellular debris, and oncometabolites. In addition, hypoxia can regulate the expression of cell surface ligands and receptors mediating cell signaling transduction