Table 1 Target antigens of CAR-T cell therapy

CD19 (B lymphocyte surface antigen B4, T cell surface antigen LEU-12)

Assists in the differentiation of primitive B cells and maintain the balance of mature B cells in peripheral blood

Widely expressed in B cell lineages (from pre-B cell stage to plasma cell) and follicular dendritic cells

B-NHL, HL, B-ALL, CLL, MM

FDA approved (B-NHL, B-ALL); phase 3 (CLL); phase 2 (MM); phase1 (HL)

The most effective target of CAR-T therapy for B-ALL and B-NHL, the most well-studied CAR-T target for CLL therapy

CD22 (Siglec-2, BL-CAM, T cell surface antigen LEU-14)

Regulates the activation of B cells, plays an important role in maintaining B cell tolerance

Widely expressed in B cell lines (from pre-B cell stage to mature B cell)

B-NHL, T-NHL, B-ALL

Phase 2 (B-NHL, B-ALL)

Primary target for treatment after CD19 CAR-T relapsed B-ALL; CD19/CD22 bispecific CAR-T has good curative effect and reduces the risk of CRS due to CD19 CAR-T therapy

CD20 (B Lymphocyte surface antigens B1, Bp35, leU-16, MS4A1)

Regulates B cell activation and proliferation

Subsets of T cells and B cells

B-NHL, B-ALL, CLL, MEL

Phase 2 (B-NHL); phase 1/2 (B-ALL, CLL); early phase 1 (MEL)

Primary target for treatment after CD19 CAR-T relapsed CLL and B-NHL, CD19/CD20 dual target CAR-T is widely used in the treatment of B-NHL

κ light chain

Participates in the formation of immunoglobulin

B cells

B-NHL, CLL, MM

Phase 1 (B-NHL, CLL); preclinical (MM)

λ light chain

Participates in the formation of immunoglobulin

B cells

B-NHL, CLL

Preclinical (B-NHL, CLL)

Alternative target for MCL therapy

CXCR5 (CD185)

Binding B cell chemokine BL participates in B cell migration

Mature B cells

B-NHL

Preclinical (B-NHL)

CD5 (LEU1)

Regulates T - B cell interactions and interacts with CD72

Thymocytes, T and B cell subpopulations

T-NHL, T-ALL

Phase 1 (T-NHL, T-ALL)

CD7 (LEU 9, GP40, TP41)

T cell costimulation and interacts with SECTM1

Thymocytes, T cells, natural killer cells and pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

T-NHL, T-ALL, AML

Phase 1/2 (T-ALL, AML); phase 1 (T-NHL)

The primary target of CAR-T therapy for T-ALL

TRBC

Participates in the composition of TCR

T cells

T-NHL

Phase 1/2 (T-NHL)

CD30 (TNF receptor superfamily member 8, TNFRSF8, Ki-1 antigen)

Regulates lymphocyte proliferation and cell death

Activated T and B cells, monocytes, and activated natural killer cells

T-NHL, HL

Phase 2 (T-NHL, HL)

The most viable CAR-T targets for HL therapy

CD4 (OKT4)

Activate T cells and participate in thymus differentiation

Thymocyte subsets, helper T cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes, and macrophages

T-NHL

Preclinical (T-NHL)

CD38 (ADP ribocyclase 1)

Regulates cell activation, proliferation and adhesion

High levels of expression in plasma cells, early T cells and B cells, activated T cells, and germinal center B cells

B-ALL, AML, MM

Phase 1/2 (B-ALL, AML); phase 0 (MM)

BCMA/CD38 dual target CAR-T has shown good efficacy in MM treatment

CD123 (IL3RA)

Helps hematopoietic cells to proliferate and differentiate

HSC, dendritic cells, monocytes, endothelial cells

B-ALL, AML

Phase2/3 (AML); phase 1/2 (B-ALL);

The most studied CAR-T targets in AML therapy

BAFF-R (TNFRSF13C, CD268)

Promotes the survival of mature B-cells and the B-cell response

Highly expressed in spleen and lymph nodes and resting B cells, low expression in activated B cells, quiescent CD4+ T cells, thymus and peripheral leukocytes

B-ALL

Phase1 (B-ALL)

TSLPR (CRL2, CRLF2)

Promotes the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells

Dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells

B-ALL

Phase 1/2 (B-ALL)

Targeting high-risk variants ALL

CD72

B cell activation and proliferation

B (not plasma) cells, mac, FDC, endo cells

B-ALL

Preclinical (B-ALL)

Targeted MLLr ALL

NKG2DL

Binding to NKG2D on NK cells induces cell-mediated cytotoxicity and destroys target cells

Not reported

T-ALL, AML, MM, Glioma, HCC, BC, GC, CRC, PCa, OS, EWS

Phase 1/2 (AML); phase 1 (Glioma, HCC, BC, GC, CRC, PCa); preclinical (T-ALL, MM, OS, EWS)

CD33 (Siglec-3)

Participates in inhibiting proliferation of normal and leukemia bone marrow cells; lectin acitivity; adhesion

Monocytes, granulocytes, mast cells, and myeloid progenitors

AML

Phase 1/2 (AML)

CLL1 (CLEC12A)

Modulates immune homeostasis

Not reported

AML

Phase 2/3 (AML)

LewisY

May be involved in cell adhesion

Epithelial cells

AML, MM

Phase 1 (AML); preclinical (MM)

FLT3 (CD135, FLK2)

Promotes the growth and differentiation of primitive hematopoietic cells

Polypotent bone marrow monocytes and pro-B cell precursors

AML

Phase 1/2 (AML)

For the treatment of FLT3+ AML with poor prognosis with conventional therapy

CD117 (c-kit, KIT)

Regulates gonad and pigment stem cell development

HSC

AML, OS, EWS

Phase 0 (AML); phase 1/2 (OS, EWS)

Siglec-6 (CD327, OB-BP1)

Mediates sialic acid - dependent cell binding

B cells, placental trophoblast cells and granulocytes

AML, CLL

Preclinical (AML, CLL)

CD70 (CD27L)

InducesT cell proliferation after costimulation, promotes the production of cytotoxic T cells and contributes to T cell activation and participates in the regulation of B cell activation, cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and immunoglobulin synthesis

Activated B cells and T cells, macrophages

AML, MEL, BC, HNSCC, EC, PC, OC

Phase 1/2 (BC, PC, OC); phase 1 (MEL); early phase 1 (AML); preclinical (HNSCC, EC)

MPL (MPF, SMRP)

Regulates hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, megakaryocyte and platelet development

Hematopoietic progenitor cells, megakaryocytes, platelets, endothelial cells

AML

Preclinical (AML)

LILRB4 (CD85, LILRB3, ILT5, LIR3)

Participates in cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells

Monocytes, macrophages, bone marrow cells, partial T cells, natural killer cells, basophils, eosinophils, and B cells

AML

Preclinical (AML)

Targeting monocytic AML, which is common in children

Tim3 (CD366, HAVCR2)

Inhibits immune cell activation

Bladder

AML

Preclinical (AML)

FRβ

Folate uptake

Not reported

AML, LCa

Preclinical (AML, LCa)

CD44v6 (Epican, HUTCH-I, LHR, ECMR-III)

Participates in leukocyte rolling, homing and aggregation, enables leukocytes to adhere to endothelial cells, stromal cells and extracellular matrix

Most lymphohematopoietic cells

AML, MM, LCa, BC, GC, HNSCC

Phase 1/2 (AML, BC, GC, MM); preclinical (LCa, HNSCC)

WT1 (WIT-1)

As a transcription factor involved in organ development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis

Spleen, kidney, heart, lung, prostate

AML

Phase 1 (AML)

PR1

HLA-A2 restriction peptide

Not reported

AML

Preclinical (AML)

MSLN

May help cells resist apoptosis

Mesothelial cells

AML, LCa, BC, GC, PC, OC, CRC

Phase 1/2 (LCa, BC, GC, PC, OC, CRC); preclinical (AML)

BCMA (TNFRSF17, CD269)

Enables NFkB and JNK, promotes B cell survival and participates in humoral immunity regulation

Mature B cells

CLL, MM

FDA approved (MM); phase 0 (CLL)

The primary target of CAR-T therapy for MM

CD32b (FcγRII, FCGR2A, FCGR2B)

Regulates B cell function, induces phagocytosis and release of media

B cells, monocytes, granulocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells

CLL

Preclinical (CLL)

FcμR

In combination with immunoglobulin M

Rarely expressed in healthy B cells or other hematopoietic cells

CLL

Preclinical (CLL)

ROR1 (NTRKR1)

Resists cell apoptosis, activates cell migration and proliferation

Parathyroid glands, esophagus, stomach and duodenum

CLL, LCa, BC, OS, EWS

Phase 1 (CLL, LCa, BC); preclinical (OS, EWS)

CD23 (Low affinity immunoglobulin, εFc receptor, BLAST-2, FcεRII, FCER2, CLEC4J)

Binds IgE, CD19, CD21, and CD81, controls B cell activation, and regulates of IgE

Mature B cells, activated macrophages, eosinophils, follicular dendritic cells, and platelets

CLL

Preclinical (CLL)

SLAMF7 (CS1, CD319, CRACC)

Mediates the activation of natural killer cells and may be involved in lymphocyte adhesion

Natural killer cells and activated B cells

MM

Phase 1/2 (MM)

SLAMF3 (CD229, Ly9)

Participates in the adhesion between T cells and helper cells

T and B cells

MM

Preclinical (MM)

GPRC5D

Unknown

Folliculus pili

MM

Phase 1 (MM)

NY-ESO-1 (CTAG1B, ESO1, LAGE2)

May be involved in cell cycle progression

Germ cells and placental cells

MM, MEL, LCa, EC

Phase 1/2(EC); Phase 1(LCa); Preclinical (MM, MEL)

CD126 (IL6R, gp80)

Combined with IL6

Activated B and plasma cells, T cells, monocytes, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts

MM, MEL, PCa

Preclinical (MM, MEL, PCa)

CD138 (Syndecan, SDC)

Participates in cell adhesion

Plasma cells, prob. cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, and breast cancer cells

MM

Phase 1/2 (MM)

CD56 (NCAM1)

Participates in homophilic and heterophilic adhesion

Neural tissue, natural killer cells, T cell subsets

MM

Phase 1/2 (MM)

HER2 (ERBB2)

Inhibits apoptosis and promotes proliferation; promotes tumor angiogenesis and lymphatic vessel neogenesis; tyrosine kinase function

Low levels in very few tissues in adulthood

BC, Glioma, MEL, LCa, GC, PC, CRC, OC, HCC, HNSCC, EC, OS, EWS

Phase 2 (BC); phase 1/2 (Glioma, LCa, GC, PC, CRC, OC, OS, EWS); phase 1 (MEL, HNSCC, EC); preclinical (HCC)

Targets for CAR-T cell therapies for multiple solid tumors

EGFR(ERBB1)

Tyrosine kinase-type receptors, plays an important role in physiological processes such as cell growth, proliferation and differentiation

Mammalian epithelial cells, fibroblasts, glial cells, keratinocytes, etc.

BC, LCa, CRC, GC, PC, HNSCC, OS, EWS

Phase 2 (LCa); phase 1/2 (CRC); phase 1 (BC, GC, HNSCC, OS, EWS); preclinical (PC)

Target for CAR-T cell therapies for multiple solid tumors

c-MET (HGFR)

Receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates proliferation, scattering, morphogenesis and survival

Liver, brain，gastrointestinal tract, thyroid and kidney

BC, Glioma, HCC, LCa, CRC, GC

Phase 1 (BC); early phase 1 (HCC); preclinical (Glioma, LCa, CRC, GC)

AXL (UFO, ARK)

A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), activate downstream signaling pathways such as AKT, MAPK, PI3K, mTOR, and NFκB pathways

Mammary gland

BC, Glioma

Phase 1 (BC); preclinical (Glioma)

MUC1 (PEM, PUM, DF3, MAM-6)

Cell adhesion, regulation of signaling in the ERK, SRC and NF-κB pathways

The apical surface of epithelial cells, especially of airway passages, breast and uterus，some activated and unactivated T-cells.

BC, HCC, Glioma, GC, LCa, PC, CRC, HNSCC, OS, EWS, EC, OC, RCC, CC

Phase 1/2 (HCC, Glioma, BC, GC, LCa, PC, CRC, OS, EWS, EC, CC); phase 1 (HNSCC, OC)

A target for CAR-T cell therapies for multiple solid tumors

CD133 (Prominin-1, PROM1, AC133)

Participates in the regulation of MAPK and Akt signaling pathways

HSC, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and nerve cell precursors

BC, HCC, Glioma, LCa, PC, CRC, OC, OS, EWS, GC

Phase 1/2 (BC, PC, CRC, OC, OS, EWS); phase 1 (Glioma); preclinical (HCC, LCa, GC)

EpCAM (CD326, TACSTD1)

Binds LAIR-1 and 2 to inhibit cellular activation and inflammation

Epithelial cells

BC, HCC, GC, CRC, PCa, PC

Phase 1/2 (PCa, HCC, GC, PC); phase 1 (BC, CRC)

CSPG4 (NG2, MCSP, MCSPG, MSK16, HMW-MAA, MEL-CSPG)

Coordinates cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and survival

Perivascular cells, articular chondrocytes, and microglia in the central nervous system

BC, Glioma, MEL, HNSCC

Preclinical (Glioma, MEL, BC, HNSCC)

A target for the treatment of relapse of mixed lineage leukemia rearrangement (MLL-r)

ICAM-1 (CD54)

Regulates T cell activation

Endo, mono, hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells

BC, TC, GC

Phase 1 (TC); preclinical (BC, GC)

TEM8 (ATR, GAPO)

Cell attachment and migration.

Umbilical vein endothelial cells

BC

Preclinical (BC)

TROP2 (TACSTD2, GA733–1, M1S1)

Function as a growth factor receptor

Epithelial cells

BC, GC, PC

Preclinical (BC, GC, PC)

FRα (FOLR1)

FOLR1 bound to folate is internalized into the nucleus and participates in cell proliferation and activation as a transcription factor

Kidney, lung and cerebellum; tissues of epithelial origin

BC, LCa, OC, GC

Phase 1 (OC); preclinical (LCa, BC, GC)

EphA10

Receptor for members of the ephrin-A family， Binds to EFNA3, EFNA4 and EFNA5

TesticlesB7

BC

Preclinical (BC)

PD-L1 (CD274, B7-H1)

Co-stimulation; inhibition

T cells, B cells, NK cells, DC,

BC, MEL, HNSCC, LCa, HCC, GC

Phase 1 (LCa); early phase 1 (HCC); preclinical (MEL, HNSCC, GC, BC)

Suppressive immune checkpoints

Macrophages, Epithelial Cell

GD2

Enhanced cell proliferation, motility, migration, adhesion and invasion

Peripheral neurons and part of the central nervous system

BC, Glioma, MEL, LCa, OS, EWS

Phase 1/2 (Glioma, LCa, BC); phase 1 (MEL); phase 1/2 (OS, EWS)

H3K27M mutation DIPG or spinal DMG

PTK7 (CCK4)

Inactive tyrosine kinase involved in Wnt signaling pathway; Functions in cell adhesion, cell migration, cell polarity, proliferation, actin cytoskeleton reorganization and apoptosis, has a role in embryogenesis, epithelial tissue organization and angiogenesis

Embryogenesis; some immature CD4+ recent thymus migration and plasma cell like dendritic cells, as well as low-level expression in some adult tissues

BC, LCa, OC

Preclinical (LCa, OC, BC)

CEA (CEACAM5)

Structural protein of cell membrane; serum markers

Embryonic tissue

BC, HCC, LCa, GC, PC, CRC, PCa

Phase 2/3 (HCC, PC); phase 1/2 (LCa, BC, GC, CRC); preclinical (PCa)

Serum markers

gp100 (PMEL)

Plays a central role in the biogenesis of melanosomes

Mammary epithelium, sweat glands

BC, MEL, HCC

Early phase 1 (MEL); preclinical (BC, HCC)

B7H3 (CD276)

Immune checkpoint molecules and co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory immunomodulatory proteins that play dual roles in the immune system.

Liver, lungs, bladder, testes, prostate, breast, placenta and lymphatic organs

LCa, Glioma, MEL, PC, PCa, HCC, EC, GC, OS, EWS, OC, CRC

Phase 1/2 (Glioma, PC, HCC, OC); phase 1 (MEL, LCa); early phase 1 (GC); preclinical (PCa, EC); Phase 1 (OS, EWS, CRC)

DLL3 (SCDO1)

Binds to different Notch receptors and plays multiple functions in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis

LCa

Phase 1 (LCa)

SCLC

MAGE-A1 (Cancer-testis Antigen)

Involved in transcriptional regulation through interaction with SNW1 and recruiting histone deactelyase HDAC1; inhibit notch intracellular domain (NICD) transactivation; play a role in embryonal development and tumor transformation or aspects of tumor progression

Germ cells of the testis, eggs and trophoblast cells of the placenta

LCa

Preclinical (LCa)

GPC3 (DGSX, OCI5, SDYS, SGB, SGBS1, MXR7)

Alters Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog and FGF signaling to drive cell growth and inhibit differentiation

Placenta, fetal liver, fetal lung and fetal kidney, minimally expressed in most adult tissues

LCa, HCC, RCC

Phase 1/2 (HCC, LCa), phase 1 (RCC)

Target sites for the most commonly used CAR-T cell therapies for HCC; ediatric solid embryonal tumors

OR2H1

Testis

LCa, OC

Preclinical (LCa, OC)

CD47 (MER6, IAP)

Cell adhesion

Hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells

LCa, OC

Preclinical (OC, LCa)

CD147 (BSG)

Cell adhesion; T cell activation

Leukocyte, erythrocyte, platelet, endothelial cells

LCa, HCC, Glioma

Phase 1 (HCC); early phase (Glima); preclinical (LCa)

PSCA

Regulates cell proliferation

Prostate, bladder, placenta, stomach, colon and kidney

LCa, PC, CRC, GC

Phase 1/2 (PC); phase 1 (LCa, CRC, GC)

FAP (SIMP, DPPIV, FAPA)

Cell surface glycoprotein serine protease, involved in extracellular matrix degradation and involved in many cellular processes, including tissue remodeling, fibrosis, wound healing, inflammation

Fibroblasts

LCa, Glioma, PC

Preclinical (Glioma, PC, LCa)

Targeting the tumor stroma

EphA2 (ECK, CTPA, ARCC2, CTPP1, CTRCT6)

Receptor tyrosine kinase; regulation of cell migration, integrin-mediated adhesion, proliferation and differentiation

Most epithelialthelial cells

LCa, Glioma, OS, EWS

Phase 1/2 (Glioma); preclinical (LCa, OS, EWS)

CLEC14A (EGFR5)

Mediates intercellular adhesion

Not reported

LCa

Preclinical (LCa)

CXCR4 (CD184, Fusin, NPYR, HSY3RR, LAP3, LCR1)

Receptor for chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12), chemotactic lymphocytes, involved in multiple physiological mechanisms in the body

Most tissues and organs

LCa

Preclinical (LCa)

Directing CAR-T cells to chemokine receptors

PSMA (GIG27, FOLH, NAALAD1, PSM)

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II enzyme

Expressed mainly in healthy prostate and to a lesser extent in other tissues, including intestine, brain, kidney, lacrimal gland and salivary gland

PCa

Phase 2 (PCa)

Important targets for CAR-T cells in prostate cancer

GUCY2C (GUC2C, STAR)

Guanylyl cyclase that catalyzes synthesis of cyclic GMP from GTP

Intestinal epithelium from the duodenum to the rectum

CRC, PC

Early phase 1 (PC); preclinical (CRC)

CDH17

Cell adhesion

In the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic duct

CRC, GC

Preclinical (GC, CRC)

TAG 72 (CA72–4)

Has mucin properties

Not reported

CRC, GC, OC

Phase 1(CRC, OC), preclinical (GC)

ROR2

Developmental regulatory proteins

Not reported

GC, PC, RCC

Phase 1/2 (RCC); phase 1 (GC, PC)

CLDN18.2 (CLDN18, Claudin 18, SFTA5)

Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity

Low-level expression in gastric mucosa differentiated epithelial cells

GC, PC, EC

Phase 1/2 (GC, PC, EC)

Common target in GC

B7H6

Triggers NCR3-dependent natural killer cell activation

Not reported

GC

Preclinical (GC)

ARP2/3 (p41-ARC)

Regulates intracellular motility of the actin cytoskeleton, lysosomes, endosomes and mitochondria, migration

Multiple systems

GC

Preclinical (GC)

NRP-1 (VEGF165R, NRP)

Regulation of angiogenesis, neuronal development and immune response

In adult tissues, it is highly expressed in heart and placenta; moderately in lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas; and low in adult brain

GC

Preclinical (GC)

DSC2

Component of intercellular desmosome junctions，involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion， contribute to epidermal cell positioning (stratification)

Mainly skin, heart and esophagus

GC

Preclinical (GC)

AE1/2

Mediate Cl−/HCO3- exchange, regulates intracellular pH, chloride concentration and bicarbonate metabolism

AE1 is mainly expressed on erythrocytes, AE2 is present in most tissues

GC

Preclinical (GC)

CA19–9 (sialyl-Lewis)

Influence the initiation of apoptosis in activated T cells

Epithelial tissues of many organs, including the stomach

GC

Early phase 1 (GC)

uPAR (CD87)

Acts as a receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator; plays a role in localizing and promoting plasmin formation

Brain

GC, OC

Preclinical (GC, OC)

DR5

Induction of apoptosis

Expression on few tissues

HCC

Phase 1/2 (HCC)

MG7

Unknown

Stomach

HCC

Preclinical (HCC)

TGFβ (IBDIMDE)

Regulates cell growth and differentiation; induce epithelial mesenchymal transition and cell migration

Activated T cell or B cell;

HCC

Phase 1 (HCC)

AFP

Transport function, bidirectional regulation as a growth regulator, immunosuppression, T lymphocyte-induced apoptosis; serum markers

Fetal hepatocytes, yolk sac

HCC

Phase 1 (HCC)

Serum markers

EGFRvIII

Unknown

HCC, Glioma, PC

Phase 1/2 (Glioma, HCC, PC)

Optimal target in Glioma

CD44 (Hermes, Pgp1, H-CAM, Hutch)

Regulates cell proliferation, survival, etc.

A variety of tissues

HCC, OC

Preclinical (HCC, OC)

TSPAN8

Cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, differentiation and immune cell function

Digestive System

PC

Preclinical (PC)

ROBO1 (DUTT1)

Plays an important role in neurogenesis and immune response

Widely expressed, with exception of kidney

PC

Preclinical (PC)

CD318 (CDCP 1)

May be involved in cell adhesion and cell matrix association; potential role in the regulation of anchorage versus migration or proliferation versus differentiation via its phosphorylation; possible marker for leukemia diagnosis and for immature hematopoietic stem cell subsets; belongs to the tetraspanin web involved in tumor progression and metastasis

Hematopoietic stem cells, epithelial cells

PC

Preclinical (PC)

PODXL (PCLP, PCLP1, Gp200)

Plays an important role in the development and function of the glomerular filtration barrier

Kidney podocytes, megakaryocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and platelets

PC

Preclinical (PC)

CD16 (FCG3, FCGR3, IGFR3, IMD20)

Low affinity Fc receptor; mediates phagocytosis and ADCC

Neuron, NK cells, Macrophages

MEL

Preclinical (MEL)

αvβ3 (CD51, CD61, GP3A)

Regulates endothelial cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and apoptosis

Low expression in most tissues

MEL

Preclinical (MEL)

VEGFR-2 (FLK-1)

Regulates lymphatic endothelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, the production of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, the migration of lymphocytes

Endothelium of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

MEL, RCC

Phase 1/2 (MEL, RCC)

Targeting the tumor vascular system

TRP1/2

Plays an important role in melanin synthesis

Melanocytes

MEL

Preclinical (MEL)

GD3

Associated with cell growth, differentiation, malignant transformation, invasion and immunosuppression

Low expression in retinal pigment cells, central nervous system and normal melanocytes

MEL

Preclinical (MEL)

IL13Rα2 (CD213A2, IL13BP, CT19)

High affinity membrane receptor for the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 13 (IL-13)

Cancer germline antigens expressed in the testis, rarely expressed in normal brain cells

MEL, Glioma

Phase 1 (Glioma); preclinical (MEL)

The ideal target for the treatment of Glioma

CLDN6 (Skullin)

As an important tight junction protein involved in osmoregulation and barrier formation

High expression in fetal tissues such as stomach, pancreas, lung and kidney

OC, Testicular cancer

Phase 1 (OC, Testicular cancer)

MUC16 (CA125)

Provides a protective lubricating barrier for particles and infection factors on mucosal surfaces

Corneal and conjunctival epithelia

OC

Phase 1 (OC)

L1-CAM (CD171, HSAS, MASA)

A crucial role in neuronal cell adhesion and migration

Central nervous system

OC

Preclinical (OC)

5 T4 (TPBG)

An inhibitor of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by indirectly interacting with LRP6

Not expressed in most somatic adult human tissues

OC

Preclinical (OC)

ALPPL2 (PLAP-like)

Alkaline phosphatase that could hydrolyze various phosphate compounds

Trace amounts in the testis and thymus, and in elevated amounts in germ cell tumors

OC

Preclinical (OC)

CDH6

Cell adhesion

Highly expressed in brain, cerebellum, and kidney. Lung, pancreas, and gastric mucosa show a weak expression.

OC

Preclinical (OC)

CXCR1

Binds IL-8 with high affinity

A variety of tissues

OC

Preclinical (OC)

ANXA2 (ANX2L4, CAL1H, LIP2, LPC2, LPC2D, P36)

Mediation of extracellular matrix degradation and neointima formation through fibrinolytic enzyme production

Not reported

OC

Preclinical (OC)

CLTX

Unkhown

Not reported

Glioma

Preclinical (Glioma)

Triggered an effective cytotoxic response also in tumor cells that do not or barely express other targetable antigens (IL13Rα2, HER2 and EGFR)

PDPN (GP36)

Induces platelet aggregation

Lymphatic endothelial cells

Glioma

Preclinical (Glioma)

PAK4

Regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, etc.

A variety of tissues

Glioma

Preclinical (Glioma)

P32

Participates in several cellular signaling pathways involved in mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics, apoptosis, splicing, immune response, inflammation, and regulation

Mitochondria; syncytial trophectoderm, underlying cytotrophoblast, vascular endothelium, and in a subset of cells in the villi matrix of early and term placentas

Glioma

Preclinical (Glioma)

Dual anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in glioma

Fn14

Cell surface receptor for tumor necrosis factor-associated weak apoptosis inducer

Low level expression in normal brain tissue

Glioma

Preclinical (Glioma)

GFRα4 (GDNF family receptor alpha-4)

Mediates the GDNF-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor

Thyroid gland

TC

Phase 1 (TC)

TSHR (LGR3, CHNG1)

Receptor for the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

Thyroid cells

TC

Preclinical (TC)

CAIX

Catalyzes the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid

Expression is restricted to very few normal tissues and the most abundant expression is found in the epithelial cells of gastric mucosa.

RCC

Phase 1 (RCC)

Common target in RCC

IGF1R (CD221, JTK13, MGC18216)

Receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates the action of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)

A variety of tissues

OS, EWS

Preclinical (OS, EWS)

CD166 (ALCAM)

Adhesion; T cell activation

Activated T and B cells, NK cells, monocyte, epithelial cells, fibroblasts neurons, mesenchymal stem / progenitor cells

OS, EWS

Preclinical (OS, EWS)

CD177 (NB1 GP, PRV-1)

Unknown

Neuron, Basophil, NK cells, T cell subset, monocyte, endothelial cells

OS, EWS

Preclinical (OS, EWS)