From: CAR T cells: engineered immune cells to treat brain cancers and beyond
S no. | Targets | Phases | Status | Indications | CAR designs | Administration routes | Comments | Identifiers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | IL3Rα2 | I | Completed | Recurrent/refractory malignant glioma | IL13-CD3ζ CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones | Intracranial | Transient inflammatory response, necrosis at tumor site, antigen loss | NCT00730613 [79] |
2 | IL3Rα2 | I | Completed | Recurrent/refractory malignant glioma | IL-13 zetakine | Intratumoral infusion | No dose-limiting toxicity | NCT01082926 [80] |
3 | IL3Rα2 | I | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory malignant glioma | IL-13–4-1BBζ memory-derived T cells | Intracranial, intraventricular | Complete clinical response up to 7.5 months, antigen loss | NCT02208362 [82] |
4 | IL3Rα2 | I | Ongoing | Leptomeningeal glioblastoma, ependymoma, or medulloblastoma | IL3Rα2-specific CAR with 4-1BB co-stimulation | Intraventricular | Evaluation of safety, feasibility, persistence, expansion | NCT04661384 [83] |
5 | IL3Rα2 | I | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory pediatric brain tumors | IL3Rα2-specific CAR | Intraventricular | Assessment of side effects, after lymphodepletion | NCT04510051 [84] |
6 | IL3Rα2 | I | Ongoing | Glioblastoma | IL3Rα2-targeted CAR | Intraventricular, intratumoral | Trial for combination therapy with checkpoint inhibitor | NCT04003649 [134] |
7 | EGFRvIII | I, II | Completed | Malignant glioma | EGFRvIII-CD28–4-1BBζ Bulk T cells | Intravenous | Progression-free survival uup to12.5 months, dose-limiting toxicity at higher doses | NCT01454596 [86] |
8 | EGFRvIII | I | Terminated | Glioblastoma | EGFRVIII-4-1BBζ CAR | Intravenous | Increased IDO, FOXP3, IL-10, PD-L1 and TGFβ, antigen loss | NCT02209376 [90] |
9 | EGFRvIII | I | Completed | Glioblastoma | EGFrvIII-specific CAR T expressing 4-1BB and TCRζ | Intravenous | Result has not yet been published | NCT03726515 [92] |
10 | EGFRvIII | I | Terminated | Glioma grade IV | EGFRvIII CAR | Systemic | Radiolabelling of CAR T cells | NCT02664363 [136] |
11 | EGFRvIII | I | Terminated | Recurrent glioblastoma | EGFRvIII-targeted CAR | Intracerebral | Recruitment halted | NCT03283631 [174] |
12 | EGFR806 | I | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory EGFR+ pediatric CNS tumors | EGFR806-specific CAR | Delivered into tumor cavity or ventricular system | Evaluation of safety, efficacy, tolerability, distribution, tumor response | NCT03638167 [94] |
13 | EGFR806 | I | Ongoing | Solid tumors including neuroblastoma | EGFR806-specific CAR | Systemic | Assessment of on target off tumor toxicity | NCT03618381 [95] |
14 | HER2 | I | Completed | Glioblastoma | HER2-CD28ζ virus-specific T cells | Intravenous | No dose limiting toxicity | NCT01109095 [100] |
15 | HER2 | I | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory glioblastoma grade III/IV | HER2-specific, hinge-optimized, 4-1BB-co-stimulatory chimeric receptor | Intracerebral | Investigation on side effects and best suit dose | NCT03389230 [102] |
16 | HER2 | I | Ongoing | Metastatic meningeal neoplasm | HER2-specific CAR | Intraventricular | Evaluation of side effects, best dose | NCT03696030 [103] |
17 | HER2 | I | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory HER2+ pediatric CNS tumors | HER2-specific CAR | Intracerebral | Evaluation of safety, efficacy, distribution | NCT03500991 [105] |
18 | HER2 | I | Ongoing | HER2+ CNS tumors | HER2-specific CAR | Intracranial | Evaluation of efficacy, side effects, largest safe dose | NCT02442297 [106] |
19 | HER2 | I | Ongoing | Pediatric recurrent/refractory ependymoma | HER2-specific CAR | Intravenous | Evaluation of safety and feasibility | NCT04903080 [107] |
20 | B7-H3 | I, II | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory glioblastoma | B7-H3-targeted CAR | Intratumoral, intraventricular | Concurrent therapy with temozolomide | NCT04077866 [111] |
21 | B7-H3 | I | Ongoing | Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma/diffuse midline glioma and recurrent or refractory pediatric central nervous system tumors | B7-H3-specific CAR | Delivered into tumor cavity or ventricular system | Assessment of safety, distribution, peripheral trafficking | NCT04185038 [112] |
22 | B7-H3 | I | Unknown | Recurrent/refractory glioblastoma | B7-H3-targeted CAR | Intratumoral, intraventricular | Unknown status after May 2020 | NCT04385173 [175] |
23 | CD147 | I | Unknown | Malignant glioma | CD147 CAR T cells | Intracavity injection | Unknown status after May 2020 | NCT04045847 [114] |
24 | GD2 | I | Completed | Recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma | Anti-GD2 CAR | Systemic | No disease progression with detectable CAR levels upto 45 days | NCT02761915 [120] |
25 | GD2 | I | Ongoing | GD2+ brain tumor | C7R-GD2.CAR T Cells | Intravenous | Ongoing safety and efficacy assessment | NCT04099797 [121] |
26 | GD2 | I, II | Ongoing | Recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma | Anti-GD2 CAR T cells | Systemic | Dose escalation and expansion trial | NCT03373097 [122] |
27 | GD2 | I | Ongoing | Intrinsic pontine glioma, spinal diffuse midline glioma | GD2-specific CAR | Intravenous | Assesment of safety, feasibility, recommendation of dose for phase II trial | NCT04196413 [123] |
28 | GD2 | I | Ongoing | Pediatric neuroblastoma | GD2-specific CAR with autologous NKT cells expressing IL-15 | Systemic | The first trial on GD2 expressing NKT cells | NCT03294954 [135] |
29 | EphA2 | I, II | Withdrawn | Malignant glioma | EphA2-specific CAR | Systemic | Trial withdrawn | NCT02575261 [131] |
30 | CLTX | I | Ongoing | MMP2+ recurrent or progressive glioblastoma | CLTX (EQ)-CD28-CD3 zeta-CD19t-expressing CAR TÂ lymphocytes | Intravenous | Tumor binding peptide used as targeting domain | NCT04214392 [127] |
31 | CD171 | I | Ongoing | Neuroblastoma | CD171-specific CAR T cells expressing EGFR1 | Systemic | Assessment for maximum tolerable dose | NCT02311621 [129] |
32 | NKG2D | I | Withdrawn | Solid tumors including glioblastoma | NKG2D-based CAR | Intravenous, intra-arterial | Trial withdrawn | NCT04270461 [142] |
33 | EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2, HER2, CD133, EphA2 or GD2 | I | Ongoing | Recurrent malignant glioma | Biological, antigen-specific CAR T cells | Systemic delivery of lentiviral vector | Personalized CAR design based on tumor antigen expression | NCT03423992 [176] |