Table 2 Clinical application of cfDNA/ctDNA in GC

cfDNA

Plasma

30 patients with GC

96.67

94.11

0.991

For early detection of cancer and assessment of tumor load

[92]

cfDNA

Serum

124 patients with GC

78.96

91.81

0.94

For early screening of GC

[93]

cfDNA

Serum/ Plasma

130 patients with GC

75

63

0.784

Plasma cfDNA levels are lower than serum cfDNA levels, and plasma cfDNA levels may help predict GC patients

[94]

cpDNA

Plasma

277 patients with progressive GC

34

^a

^a

Associated with poor prognosis in GC

[95]

ccf^aDNA

Plasma

73 patients with GC

^a

^a

0.744

Distinguish between patients with stage III and IV GC and healthy controls, and monitor postoperative

[96]

cfDNA

Plasma

30 patients with locally progressive, unresectable, or metastatic GC

^a

^a

^a

Positive correlation between tDNA levels and DFS in patients with progressive GC receiving systemic chemotherapy 3 months after the start of chemotherapy

[97]

ctDNA

Plasma

46 patients with stage I-III GC

39

100

^a

MRD with ctDNA testing identifies patients at high risk of recurrence

[98]

cfDNA

Serum

428 patients with GC

68.9

95.8

0.98

Predicts response to chemotherapy and surgery in patients with colorectal cancer; tumor recurrence should be considered in GC with persistently elevated cfDNA levels after surgery

[99]

cfDNA

Plasma

106 patients with progressive GC treated with chemotherapy

93.7

45.2

0.8099

Tumor biomarkers as monitoring the efficacy of chemotherapy for GC

[100]

ctDNA

Plasma

61 cases of partially metastatic GC

^a

^a

^a

Associated with improved prognosis

[101]

cfDNA

Plasma

1145 patients with GC

87

^a

0.984

Potential to expand access to targeted therapies and immunotherapy to all patients with advanced cancer

[102]

Methylation of cfDNA

Plasma

89 patients with GC

40–60

92

0.89

Effective differentiation between early GC, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer

[103]

Methylation of cfDNA

Plasma

99 patients with GC

^a

^a

0.81

High postoperative long fragment LINE-1 concentrations suggest high risk of MRD and recurrence

[104]

Methylation of RASSF1A, SOX17 and WiF-1

Plasma

70 patients with progressive GC

^a

^a

^a

Associated with worse progression-free survival and overall survival

[105]

Methylation of cfDNA

Plasma

1781 Gastrointestinal tumors

^a

^a

0.9

Improved diagnostic accuracy of gastrointestinal cancers

[106]