Table 3 Clinical application of ncRNAs and exosomes in GC

Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment

miRNAs

miR-21、miR-106、miR-421 and miR-223

Serum, plasma, gastric juice, and blood

All were significantly different

Helps in early diagnosis and mass screening of GC

[142]

miR-875-5p

Tissue and cells

downregulated

May serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for GC

[143]

miR-148a

Plasma

downregulated

Associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Restoration of blood miR-148A levels may be a new nucleic acid anti-cancer therapy

[144]

miR-23b

Plasma

up regulated

Associated with poor clinical prognosis

[145]

circRNAs

circPTPN22

Plasma

up regulated

Can effectively identify GC patients and healthy controls

[146]

hsa_circ_0045602、hsa_circ_0008768、hsa_circ_0007380、hsa_circ_0002019、hsa_circ_0006089、hsa_circ_0034398、hsa_circ_0052001 and hsa_circ_0001013

Plasma

up regulated

Powerful identification of early GC patients

[147]

tsRNAs

hsa_tsr016141

Tissue and serum

up regulated

Clearly distinguish GC patients from healthy controls or patients with gastritis

[148]

Exosome

Exosome miR-4741、miR-32、miR-3149 and miR-6727

Tissue and plasma

Expression of exosome miR-4741 was upregulated, and expression of exosome miR-32, miR-3149 and miR-6727 was downregulated

Act as a diagnostic marker for GC and an influential factor in inhibiting GC progression

[149]

Exosome LncRNAH19GC

Serum

downregulated

A potential biomarker with diagnostic and prognostic value

[150]

Exosome hsa_circ_0015286

Tissue, plasma, and cells

up regulated

May be a non-invasive biomarker for GC diagnosis and prognostic assessment

[151]

Transfers

miRNAs

miR-137-3p

Cells

downregulated

Tumor-suppressing effect, may promote GC progression by affecting immune infiltration

[152]

miR-548d-3p

Cells

up regulated

Accelerated proliferation and migration of GC cells

[153]

miR-4742-5p

Cells

up regulated

Effective treatment to inhibit cancer metastasis

[154]

miR-17-5p

Cells

up regulated

Influence the transfer and progression of GC

[155]

lncRNAs

PTCSC3

Tissue and cells

downregulated

Regulation of cell invasion and migration

[156]

circRNAs

CircPVT1

Cells

up regulated

Regulation of GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion

[157]

circ_0006089

Cells

up regulated

Regulation of GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion

[158]

tsRNAs

tiRNA-Val-CAC-001

Tissue and cells

downregulated

As a promising biomarker and by targeting LRP6, regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to affect GC cell metastasis

[159]

Exosome

Exosome TRIM3

Serum

downregulated

Inhibition of GC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo

[160]

Exosome MET

Cells

up regulated

Promotes tumor growth and progression in vitro and in vivo

[161]

Drug resistance

miRNAs

miR100、miR-34a、miR-23a and miR-30a

_

All were significantly different

Modulated sensitivity of GC to chemotherapeutic agents

[162]

let-7 g、miR-342、miR-16、miR-181、miR-1 and miR-34

_

All were significantly different

Correlation with chemotherapy sensitivity

[163]

miR-30a

Cells

up regulated

Led to Beclin 1-mediated autophagy and promoted cisplatin-induced apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in GC cells

[164]

lncRNAs

CRNDE

Cells

downregulated

Playing a key role in autophagy-mediated chemoresistance through binding to SRSF6

[165]

SNHG6

Cells

up regulated

Progression of cisplatin resistance and GC is regulated by sponge miR-1297

[166]

circRNAs

Hsacirc_004413

Cells

up regulated

GC cells can be made resistant to 5-fluorouracil by adsorption of miR-145-5p

[167]

circ_AKT3

Tissue and cells

up regulated

Interaction with miR-206 regulates cisplatin resistance

[168]