Fig. 4
From: Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers
The effect of TAMs in different solid cancers. In pancreatic cancer, TAMs promote PD-L1 expression in cancer cells through TNF-α/NF-kB pathway. In liver cancer, TAMs promote PD-L1 expression in cancer cells through the IL-1β/ERK pathway. In gastric cancer, TAMs promote PD-L1 expression in cancer cells through IL-1/STAT and TNF-α/NF-kB pathways. In lung cancer, TAMs promote PD-L1 expression in cancer cells through IFN-γ/PI3K/AKT and IFN-γ/STAT3 pathways. In breast cancer, TAMs promote PD-L1 expression in cancer cells through TNF-α/IKK pathway. In ovarian cancer, TAMs promote PD-L1 expression in cancer cells through IFN-γ/PI3K/AKT and IFN-γ/ERK1 pathways