Fig. 1

The liquid biopsy testing of urine markers in the early detection of UC. A Schematic illustration of utLIFE-UC algorithm. Urine samples were collected from UC patients, as well as healthy controls. The ucfDNA was then extracted from the urine supernatant samples and subject to target sequencing, and the uexDNA was extracted from the urine sediment samples and subject to 1 × WGS. Mutation and large CNV features were extracted, and a base model was constructed. The DNA features were then calculated into a large matrix, which was subsequently trained by three ML methods, RF, LR, and SVM. The SVM method was chosen as the utLIFE-UC algorithm to be validated in independent cohorts. B ROC curve of the utLIFE-UC in the training set. C ROC curve of the utLIFE-UC in the test set. D The landscape of utLIFE-UC and cytology detection results in NMIBC and MIBC. E Diagnostic sensitivity of utLIFE-UC compared to cytology in the training cohort (Fisher’s exact test; **p < 0.01). F ROC curve of the independent TCGA validation cohort. G ROC curve of the independent UTUC validation cohort