Fig. 2
From: Roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in anti- PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers
CAFs affect PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor immunotherapy-related regulatory pathways. a WNT2 upregulates SOCS3 on DC precursors, thereby inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and blocking DC differentiation and maturation. b TGF-β1 induces the expression of LN-γ2 in cancer cells through JNK/AP1 signal transduction, thereby hindering T cell invasion of cancer nests. c CAFs secrete CXCL5 to bind to CXCR2 on cancer cells, and then activate the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote PD-L1 expression on the cancer cell surface. d After miR-92 is taken up by cancer cells, it acts on LATS2/YAP1 signaling and increases PD-L1 transcriptional activity. e Hypoxia induces CAFS secretion of circeIF3K, which acts on the miR-214/PD-L1 axis, ultimately leading to immune evasion