Fig. 3
From: Roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in anti- PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers
Tumor cells drive CAFs through different mechanisms to affect immune efficacy. a By directly secreting cytokines or indirectly stimulating primitive lymphocytes, tumor cells act on the NF-κB signaling pathway, activate fibroblasts, differentiate them into pro-inflammatory phenotypes, and then CAF acts on the JNK-IL-1-CXCL9/ 10-CXCR3 axis to promote tumor metastasis. b Pin1 promotes CAF proliferation, promotes fibrous connective tissue proliferation and immunosuppressive TME formation, which in turn is conducive to cancer progression