Fig. 4
From: Roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in anti- PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers
CAFs affect PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor immunotherapy in different solid cancers. a In non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), CAFs prevent T cells from penetrating into the cancer nest by promoting the secretion of Ln-γ2 by cancer cells. b CAFs-derived WNT2 inhibits the differentiation of DC cells and ultimately impairs the killing of T cells in ESCCs. c Hypoxia induces CAFS secretion of CirceIF3K, induces PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells through the miR-214/PD-L1 axis, leading to immune escape. d Exosome miR-92 acts on the LATS2-YAP1 axis to increase the transcription level of PD-L1 in breast cancer cells. Ultimately, T cell apoptosis and proliferation disorders are induced