Table 4 Comparison of CAR-T, TCR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M in solid tumors
From: Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for solid neoplasms beyond CAR-T
Items | CAR-T | TCR-T | CAR-NK | CAR-M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell source | autologous T cells or HLA-matched allogenic T cells | autologous T cells or HLA-matched allogenic T cells | autologous or allogenic PBMC, UC, HSC, iPSC, NK cell lines | autologous or allogenic(?) PBMC, UC(?), HSC(?), iPSC, monocyte cell lines |
Antigen | surface antigens to CARs | intracellular antigen/HLA complex | surface antigens to CAR; ligands to KIRs, KLRs and NCRs | surface antigens to CARs; ligands to MR, SR and TLRs |
HLA restriction | No | yes | no | no |
Intracellular activation domains | CD3ζ /co-stimulatory domain | CD3ζ / co-stimulatory domain | CD3ζ /co-stimulatory domain, DAP10, DAP12, 2B4, | CD3ζ/ co-stimulatory domain, FcRγ, Megf10, MerTk, CD147, CD19 PI3K-recruiting domain |
Main armed force | IL-2 | IL-2 | IL-15 | GM-CSF |
Viral vector transfection | high efficiency | high efficiency | moderate efficiency | low efficiency |
Intra-tumoral infiltration | low | low | moderate | high |
Functions | cytotoxicity | cytotoxicity | CAR-dependent/independent cytotoxicity, ADCC, immunomodulations | CAR-dependent/independent cytotoxicity, ADCP, immunomodulation, antigen-presenting, remodeling of TME |
GVHD risk | high | high | low | low |
CRS risk | high | high | low | moderate |
Other serious adverse effects risk | high | high | low | moderate |
clinical use | yes | no | no | no |
Ongoing clinical trials in solid tumors | many | dozens | several | only one |