Table 1 The deregulated tRFs in cancer
Cancer type | Expression level | tRF | Sample type | Clinical significance | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast cancer | Upregulated | SHOT-RNAs | Tissue | SHOT-RNAs are more enriched in ER+ BC tissues than triple-negative BC and normal breast tissues | [33] |
tRF-19-W4PU732S | Tissue | High level expression predicts poor survival | [104] | ||
tRF-34-RKVP4P9L5FZUHM | Tissue | High expression correlates with poor survival of BC patients | [105] | ||
nlr-18-949M9Y0Q, nlr-20-D6PUMZQZ | Tissue | Higher levels of both tRFs predict poorer OS; In the T cell exhaustion group, low level of nlr-18-949M9Y0Q predicts better OS | [106] | ||
tRF-32-XSXMSL73VL4YK | Tissue | No obvious correlation | [107] | ||
nlr-31-W01KN44VD3YZE | Tissue | Not mentioned | [108] | ||
nlr-30-W01KN44VD3YZ, nlr-32-FKSZZ6KSNNQ7Q, tRF-34-PUDP4PZKFJ7PEP | Plasma | High expression of nlr-30-W01KN44VD3YZ and tRF-34-PUDP4PZKFJ7PEP predict worse DFS and OS | [98] | ||
tRF-32-PS5P4PW3FJHP1 | Serum, Ev from serum | High diagnostic accuracy for BC is obtained in a model with miR-21-5p (3’ addition C) and miR-23a-3p | [109] | ||
Downregulated | tRF-17-SMKVNM1, tRF-20-6NMH490V, and tRF-20-VIPZK0JN | Tissue | tRF levels decrease in metastatic samples compared to primary tumors | [42] | |
nlr-14-7O58FX, nlr-21-F0L9XZ30E, nlr-34-5QKDN6QQ1362HQ | Tissue | Higher level of each tRF predicts improved OS; In the T cell exhaustion group, high level of nlr-34-5QKDN6QQ1362HQ predicts improved survival | [106] | ||
tRF-32-Q99P9P9NH57SJ, tRF-17-79MP9PP | Tissue, serum | Lower expression correlates with higher stage progression and lymph node metastasis | |||
tRF-18-YRRHQFD2, tRF-18-HSQSD2D2, tRF-20-B2NZW7O6 | Tissue, serum | Expression levels are also downregulated in early-stage BC patients | [112] | ||
tDR-000620 | Serum | Low tDR-000620 expression is an independent adverse predictive factor for recurrence-free survival of triple-negative BC | [113] | ||
nlr-21-F5W8E7OME, tRF-18-18VBY9DV, tRF-23-NB57BK87DZ | Serum | Expression levels are downregulated in non-triple-negative BC | [114] | ||
tRF-32-1HPSR9O9337KF | Plasma | tRF-32-1HPSR9O9337KF levels significantly decrease in the blood of patients with HER2+ BC reflecting tumor status (control > early cancer > metastatic cancer) | [115] | ||
tRF-18-HR0VX6D2, iso-26-QO608YX91ZE | Plasma | They are better biomarker candidates than their corresponding miRNAs | [116] | ||
tRF-16-87R8WPE, tRF-22-PNR8YP9LL, tRF-23-PNR8YP9LD6, tRF-16-SP5830D, tRF-24-OB1690PQIY, tRF-28-OB1690PQR304 | Plasma, exosomes from plasma and tissues | Low expressed tRF-16-87R8WPE of HER2+ early BC patients correlates to worse DFS and OS | [8] | ||
Gastric Cancer | Upregulated | tRF-19-FRJ4O1E2 | Tissue | Higher tRF-19-FRJ4O1E2 correlates with higher lymph node metastasis | [117] |
tRF-18-8R1546D2 | Tissue | tRF-18-8R1546D2 can discriminate GC stage I-II and III-IV, lymph node metastasis and differentiation | [118] | ||
nlr-18-08P2F5DF | Tissue | Expression is positively correlated with tumor size and the depth of tumor invasion | [119] | ||
tRF-29-RRJ89O9NF5JP | Tissue, serum | Expression is positively correlated with the degree of lymph node metastasis and tumor grade | [120] | ||
tRF-23-Q99P9P9NDD | Tissue, serum | Expression is positively associated with T stage, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and nerve/vascular invasion | [121] | ||
tRF-31-U5YKFN8DYDZDD | Serum | Expression is positively associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and vascular invasion | [122] | ||
Downregulated | nlr-15-D47RMZ,nlr-17-XI61Z7Q | Tissue | Lower expression correlates with larger tumor size and poorer differentiation | ||
tRF-24-V29K9UV3IU, tRF-34-Q99P9P9NH57S15 | Tissue | Not mentioned | |||
tRF-34-86V8WPMN1E8Y2Q | Tissue, plasma | Lower expression correlates with larger tumor size | [128] | ||
tRF-18-79MP9P04 | Tissue, plasma | Lower expression correlates with larger tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and poorer survival | [99] | ||
tRF-33-P4R8YP9LON4VDP | Plasma | Not mentioned | [101] | ||
tRF-19-3L7L73JD | Plasma | Higher expression predicts smaller tumor size | [129] | ||
Colorectal cancer | Upregulated | nlr-26-LIKFW7X7JNE | Tissue | nlr-26-LIKFW7X7JNE is upregulated in both colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas | [73] |
tRF-phe-GAA-031, tRF-VAL-TCA-002 | Tissue | Increased expression positively correlates with distant metastasis and clinical stage, and predicts poorer survival | [130] | ||
tRF-32-6978WPRLXN48Q | Tissue | High tRF-32-6978WPRLXN48Q level predicts poor DFS, OS, and high recurrence | [131] | ||
tRF-35-PW5SVP9N15WV7W | Tissue | Expression correlates positively with tumor size, but not with age, sex, or clinical stage | [12] | ||
tRF-34-Q99P9P9NH57S15, tRF-30-ROD8N0X0JYOY, tRF-29-R9J89O9NF5JP, tRF-18-8R1546D2 | Tissue | Not mentioned | |||
tRF-33-79MP9P9NH57SD3 | Tissue, serum | Increased expression is positively associated with lymph node and distant metastasis | [134] | ||
tRF-35-PNR8YP9LON4VN1 | Plasma | Increased expression positively correlates with pathological stage and metastasis | [135] | ||
Upregulated/downregulated | tRF-18-HSRVK7D2, tRF-33-PSQP4PW3FJI0W, tRF-33-PSQP4PW3FJIKW, tRF-32-O7M8LOMLQHWU3, tRF-18-H9Q867D2, tRF-16-I3FJQSD | Tissue | They are included in a six-tRF-based prognostic model with high risk score predicting worse survival, especially for stage III patients | [133] | |
Downregulated | tRF-16-79MP9PE, tRF-16-RP9830D, tRF-16-RPM830E, tRF-22-WB86Q3P92, tRF-22-WE8SPOX52, tRF-22-WE8S68L52, nlr-17-863IP5J | Tissue | Not mentioned | ||
Lung cancer | Upregulated | nlr-15-395P4P | Tissue | High expression is associated with postoperative recurrence and poor prognosis | [137] |
nlr-34-4P5830MMUKLYHE | Tissue, serum | nlr-34-4P5830MMUKLYHE is greatly upregulated in stage III and stage IV cases, and increases with stage progression | [138] | ||
nlr-28-PNR8YP9LONDQ | Tissue, plasma | High nlr-28-PNR8YP9LONDQ predicts poor survival of NSCLC | [139] | ||
tRF-21-RK9P4P9L0, tRF-16-PSQP4PE | Tissue, serum | tRF-21-RKP4P9L0 is negatively associated with prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma | [140] | ||
tRF-31-79MP9P9NH57SD | Serum | Expression is positively associated with clinical stage and the malignancy of lymph node | [141] | ||
tRF-30-RK9P4P9L5HMV, tRF-31-RK9P4P9L5HMVE, tRF-26-MI7O3B1NR8E, tRF-27-WJ9X0UD394N, tRF-26-SP5830MMUKD, tRF-29-MIF91SS2P4IR, tRF-30-3JVIJMRPFQRD, tRF-31-ROD8N0X0JYOYE, tRF-32-ROD8N0X0JYOYO | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | TRY-RNA signature precisely discriminates between control, lung cancer, and pulmonary tuberculosis subjects | [142] | ||
Downregulated | nlr-29-P9MWYRKHNZI2, iso-25-QO608YX91Z, nlr-33-Z4ODD8U82KP90Q, nlr-31-SU12RXXNBZY3E | Tissue | Not mentioned | ||
tRF-16-L85J3KE | Tissue, serum | No significant correlation with prognosis is observed | [140] | ||
AS-tDR-007872 | Tissue, plasma | AS-tDR-007872 is more sensitive in distinguishing stage III and IV than stage I-II NSCLC patients | [143] | ||
Leukemia | Upregulated | tRF-21-ZPEK45H5D | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Overexpression of tRF-21-ZPEK45H5D is related to poor OS of the CLL patients | [144] |
Downregulated | i-tRF of tRNAGlyCCC | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Reduced OS for CLL patients with positive expression of this i-tRF | [145] | |
nlr-29-P9MWYRKHNZI2, iso-25-QO608YX91Z, nlr-33-Z4ODD8U82KP90Q, nlr-31-SU12RXXNBZY3E | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Not mentioned | |||
tDR-Asp family | Bone marrow | Decreased tDR-Asp can predict myelodysplastic syndromes that are likely to progress to acute myeloid leukemia | [146] | ||
NOT significant | tRF-18-5J3KYU05, tRF-18-HR0VX6D2 | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | High expression levels are associated with inferior OS | ||
Pancreatic cancer | Upregulated | AS-tDR-000064, AS-tDR-000069, AS-tDR-000102 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [149] |
tRF-18-HR0VX6D2 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [150] | ||
tRF-30-6978WPRLXN4V, tRF-18-HRERXFD2 | Tissue, serum | The tRF-30-6978WPRLXN4V-high and/or tRF-18-HRERXFD2-high PC patients show significantly worse prognosis | [151] | ||
tRF-41-N5EX62Z6EXEY0VWUD, tRF-37-KSBE78YLKZKWE52, tRF-23-YOY9Q867D2 | Tissue, serum | High tRF-41-N5EX62Z6EXEY0VWUD expression is associated with advanced tumor stage and liver metastasis, and predict poor OS | [152] | ||
Downregulated | AS-tDR-001391 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [149] | |
nlr-33-OJ5B8LK7F1BUDV | Tissue | Low expression is associated with advanced TNM stage, N stage and predicts poor survival | [153] | ||
tRF-21-VBY9PYKHD | Tissue | Patients with low expression levels have poor prognosis | [154] | ||
Liver cancer | Upregulated | tRF-30-PNR8YP9LON4V | Tissue | High expression predicts poor survival | [155] |
tRF-40-EFOK8YR951K36D26, tRF-34-QNR8VP94FQFY1Q, tRF-32-79MP9P9NH57SJ, tRF-31-87R8WP9N1EWJ0 | Plasma exosomes | Not mentioned | [156] | ||
Ovarian cancer | Upregulated | nlr-24-5D0RKRKNFQ, nlr-25-756BIW7K5Z | Tissue | Not mentioned | [73] |
tRF-32-P4R8YP9LON4V3, tRF-25-9NJ4S2I7L7 | Serum | Not mentioned | [157] | ||
i-tRFs of tRNAGlyGCC | Tissue, serum | Increased expression is associated with advanced stages, suboptimal debulking and early progression, and predicts poor OS of early ovarian cancer | [158] | ||
tRF-03357, tRF-03358 | Serum | Expression level is significantly increased in high-grade serous ovarian cancer | [159] | ||
Downregulated | tRF-28-PNR8YO9LOND5, tRF-28-PNR8YP9LOND5 | Serum | Not mentioned | [157] | |
Prostate cancer | Upregulated | SHOT-RNAs | Tissue | SHOT-RNAs are upregulated in AR+ prostate cancer | [33] |
Bladder cancer | Upregulated | tRF-34-Q99P9P9NH57S15, tRF-32-P4R8YP9LON4V3, tRF-31-P4R8YP9LON4VD | Tissue | Not mentioned | [160] |
tRF-29-PSQP4PW3FJF4 | Tissue, serum | Increased expression is associated with aggressive tumor phenotype, early disease progression and poor treatment outcome | [161] | ||
Downregulated | tRF- + 1:T20-Ser-TGA-1 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [160] | |
Renal cancer | Downregulated | 5’ halves of tRNAValAAC | Tissue | Expression level is inversely correlated with staging and grading | [162] |
5’ halves of tRNAArgCCT, tRNAGluCTC,and tRNALysTTT | Tissue, serum | Lower expression levels are associated with adverse clinicopathological parameters | [163] | ||
Esophageal squamous cell cancer | Upregulated | tRNA-GlyGCC-5 | Salivary exosomes | Patients with high risk score have shorter OS and progression-free survival, and benefit more from adjuvant therapy | [164] |
Multiple myeloma | Upregulated | tRF-34-86J8WPMN1E8Y2Q | Tissue | Not mentioned | [165] |
tRF-18-5J3KYU05, tRF-18-HR0VX6D2 | CD138 + plasma cells | The OS and PFS are significantly longer in MM patients with high tRF-18-5J3KYU05 or tRF-18-HR0VX6D2 levels | [166] | ||
Downregulated | tRF-17-8YQ84V2 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [165] | |
Unkown | tRF-60:77-Thr-TGT-1,tRF-22-PY5P4PZ3H | Tissue | tRF-60:77-Thr-TGT-1 is upregulated and tRF-22-PY5P4PZ3H is downregulated in relapsed/refractory MM compared with newly diagnosed MM | [103] | |
Cervical cancer | Upregulated | tRF-22-ZRS3S3RX5 | Tissue | Expression is positively associated with the gastric subtype of endocervical adenocarcinoma | [167] |
Papillary thyroid cancer | Upregulated | tRF-32-PNR8YP9LON4V3, tRF-39-0VL8K87SIRMM12E2 | Tissue | Not mentioned | |
Lymphoma | Downregulated | tRF-22-WE8SPOX52 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [170] |
Pharyngeal cancer | Upregulated | tRF-30-PSQP4PW3FJIK | Tissue | Increased expression closely relates to tumor staging, differentiation grade, smoking history and drinking history, and predicts metastasis | [100] |
tRF-28-Q99P9P9NH50E, tRF-24-QW58309N0Y | Tissue | Not mentioned | [171] | ||
Downregulated | tRF-22-WD8YQ84V2 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [171] | |
Laryngeal cancer | Downregulated | tRF-33-Q1Q89P9L842205 | Tissue | Low expression is closely associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced stages | [172] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Upregulated | tRF-20-S998LO9D | Tissue | High expression level is significantly associated with poor OS | [173] |
Upregulated in tissue Downregulated in serum | 5’ tRNA-Val-CAC-2–1 half | Tissue, serum | Not mentioned | [174] | |
Uveal melanoma | Downregulated | tRF-22-BP4MJYSZH, tRF-21-45DBNIB9B | Tissue | Low expression relates to various molecular phenotypes, metastatic disease, and poor patient survival | [175] |
Glioma | Downregulated | nlr-20-2IHZI73Z, tRF-18-HRE9XFD2, and tRF-22-WB86N7O52 | Tissue | High expression correlates with positive IDH mutant and better survival | [176] |
Cholangiocarcinoma | Upregulated | tRF-20-LE2WMK81 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [177] |
Downregulated | tRF-34-JJ6RRNLIK898HR, tRF-38-0668K87SERM492V, tRF-39-0668K87SERM492E2 | Tissue | Not mentioned | [177] |