Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy

Chehelgerdi, Matin; Behdarvand Dehkordi, Fereshteh; Chehelgerdi, Mohammad; Kabiri, Hamidreza; Salehian-Dehkordi, Hosein; Abdolvand, Mohammad; Salmanizadeh, Sharareh; Rashidi, Mohsen; Niazmand, Anoosha; Ahmadi, Saba; Feizbakhshan, Sara; Kabiri, Saber; Vatandoost, Nasimeh; Ranjbarnejad, Tayebeh

doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01873-0

Molecular Cancer

Table 4 An overview of personalized cancer treatment utilizing iPSCs

From: Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy

Cancer Type	Specific iPSC Lines	iPSC Line Generated	Differentiation Potential Details	Characteristics (e.g., expression of tumor-specific markers)	References
Breast Cancer	iPSC-BRCA1	iPSCs reprogrammed from breast cancer patient with BRCA1 mutation	Can differentiate into epithelial and mesenchymal lineages	Expresses HER2 and estrogen receptor (ER)	[109, 214, 215]
Lung Cancer	iPSC-LUNG1	iPSCs derived from lung cancer patient	Differentiates into lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts	Expresses EGFR and KRAS mutations	[216]
Colon Cancer	iPSC-COLON2	Colon cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Shows potential to differentiate into colonic epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of CD44 and β-catenin	[14, 217]
Prostate Cancer	iPSC-PROST1	iPSCs reprogrammed from prostate cancer patient	Can differentiate into prostate epithelial cells and stromal cells	Expresses androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)	[218,219,220,221]
Melanoma	iPSC-MELA2	Melanoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into melanocytes and neural crest cells	Expresses BRAF and MITF mutations	[222,223,224]
Leukemia	iPSC-LEUK1	iPSCs generated from leukemia patient	Differentiates into hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid cells	Shows abnormal expression of leukemic markers (e.g., CD34, CD38, CD123)	[225,226,227,228]
Brain Tumor	iPSC-BRAIN3	iPSCs derived from brain tumor patient	Differentiates into neural stem cells and glial cells	Expresses EGFRvIII mutation and Nestin	[125, 229,230,231]
Ovarian Cancer	iPSC-OVARY1	iPSCs reprogrammed from ovarian cancer patient	Can differentiate into ovarian surface epithelial cells and granulosa cells	Overexpression of CA125 and BRCA2 mutation	[232,233,234]
Pancreatic Cancer	iPSC-PANCREAS2	Pancreatic cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into pancreatic ductal cells and endocrine cells	Expresses KRAS and TP53 mutations	[235,236,237,238]
Sarcoma	iPSC-SARCOMA1	iPSCs generated from sarcoma patient	Can differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenic cells	Overexpression of CD99 and EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene	[239, 240]
Gastric Cancer	iPSC-GASTRIC3	iPSCs reprogrammed from gastric cancer patient	Differentiates into gastric epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Expresses HER2 and p53 mutations	[241,242,243,244]
Lymphoma	iPSC-LYMPHO2	iPSCs derived from lymphoma patient	Can differentiate into lymphoid cells and B cells	Abnormal expression of CD20 and BCL2	[245, 246]
Liver Cancer	iPSC-LIVER2	iPSCs reprogrammed from liver cancer patient	Can differentiate into hepatocytes and bile duct cells	Expresses AFP and HNF4A	[174, 247,248,249]
Bladder Cancer	iPSC-BLADDER1	Bladder cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of CD44 and FGFR3 mutation	[250,251,252]
Esophageal Cancer	iPSC-ESOPHAGEAL3	iPSCs derived from esophageal cancer patient	Differentiates into esophageal epithelial cells and fibroblasts	Expresses HER2 and TP53 mutations	[253,254,255]
Bone Cancer	iPSC-BONE2	iPSCs reprogrammed from bone cancer patient	Can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes	Overexpression of CD99 and TP53 mutations	[256, 257]
Kidney Cancer	iPSC-KIDNEY1	Kidney cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into renal epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells	Expresses VHL and MET mutations	[258,259,260,261,262,263]
Thyroid Cancer	iPSC-THYROID2	iPSCs reprogrammed from thyroid cancer patient	Can differentiate into thyroid follicular cells and C-cells	Overexpression of RET and BRAF mutations	[264, 265]
Prostate Cancer	iPSC-PROST2	iPSCs derived from prostate cancer patient	Can differentiate into prostate epithelial cells and neuroendocrine cells	Expresses AR and PTEN mutations	[52, 266,267,268]
Leukemia	iPSC-LEUK2	Leukemia patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid cells	Shows abnormal expression of leukemic markers (e.g., CD33, CD123, MPO)	[118, 269,270,271]
Bone Marrow Cancer	iPSC-BONEMAR1	iPSCs reprogrammed from bone marrow cancer patient	Can differentiate into hematopoietic stem cells and plasma cells	Expresses abnormal immunoglobulin rearrangements	[272, 273]
Skin Cancer	iPSC-SKIN3	iPSCs derived from skin cancer patient	Differentiates into keratinocytes and melanocytes	Overexpression of BRAF and p16INK4a mutations	[274,275,276]
Head and Neck Cancer	iPSC-HEADNECK2	Head and neck cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into squamous epithelial cells and fibroblasts	Expresses EGFR and TP53 mutations	[277,278,279]
Soft Tissue Sarcoma	iPSC-SOFTTIS2	iPSCs reprogrammed from soft tissue sarcoma patient	Can differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells and adipocytes	Overexpression of MDM2 and CDK4	[241, 280,281,282]
Osteosarcoma	iPSC-OSTEO1	Osteosarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into osteoblasts and osteocytes	Expresses TP53 and RB1 mutations	[240, 283, 284]
Brain Cancer	iPSC-BRAIN4	iPSCs reprogrammed from brain cancer patient	Can differentiate into neuronal cells and astrocytes	Overexpression of EGFRvIII and PTEN mutations	[285,286,287,288,289]
Cervical Cancer	iPSC-CERVICAL2	iPSCs derived from cervical cancer patient	Differentiates into cervical epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells	Expresses HPV integration and p53 mutations	[290, 291]
Gallbladder Cancer	iPSC-GALLBLAD1	Gallbladder cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into gallbladder epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of HER2 and TP53 mutations	[292, 293]
Testicular Cancer	iPSC-TESTIS2	iPSCs reprogrammed from testicular cancer patient	Differentiates into testicular germ cells and Sertoli cells	Expresses OCT4 and NANOG	[294, 295]
Uterine Cancer	iPSC-UTERINE1	Uterine cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into uterine epithelial cells and stromal cells	Overexpression of PTEN and CTNNB1 mutations	[296, 297]
Multiple Myeloma	iPSC-MYEL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from multiple myeloma patient	Can differentiate into plasma cells and bone marrow stromal cells	Overexpression of IgH translocations and MAF mutations	[273, 298]
Gallbladder Cancer	iPSC-GALLBLAD2	Gallbladder cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into gallbladder epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Expresses HER2 and TP53 mutations	[299, 300]
Bladder Cancer	iPSC-BLADDER2	iPSCs reprogrammed from bladder cancer patient	Can differentiate into urothelial cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of FGFR3 and p53 mutations	[251, 301]
Glioblastoma	iPSC-GLIO1	Glioblastoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into neural stem cells and astrocytes	Expresses EGFRvIII and PTEN mutations	[302, 303]
Ovarian Cancer	iPSC-OVARY2	iPSCs reprogrammed from ovarian cancer patient	Can differentiate into ovarian surface epithelial cells and granulosa cells	Overexpression of CA125 and BRCA1 mutations	[232, 233, 304]
Liver Cancer	iPSC-LIVER3	Liver cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into hepatocytes and bile duct cells	Expresses AFP and TP53 mutations	[305,306,307]
Ewing Sarcoma	iPSC-EWING1	iPSCs reprogrammed from Ewing sarcoma patient	Can differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts	Overexpression of EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene	[239, 308, 309]
Retinoblastoma	iPSC-RETINO1	Retinoblastoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into retinal progenitor cells and photoreceptor cells	Expresses RB1 mutation and abnormal retinal development markers	[256, 310]
Pancreatic Cancer	iPSC-PANCREAS3	iPSCs reprogrammed from pancreatic cancer patient	Can differentiate into pancreatic ductal cells and endocrine cells	Overexpression of KRAS and TP53 mutations	[236, 238, 311]
Nasopharyngeal Cancer	iPSC-NASOPHAR1	Nasopharyngeal cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and fibroblasts	Expresses EBV infection and TP53 mutations	[312,313,314]
Renal Cell Carcinoma	iPSC-RENAL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from renal cell carcinoma patient	Can differentiate into renal tubular cells and mesenchymal cells	Overexpression of VHL and MET mutations	[301, 315, 316]
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor	iPSC-OVARYG1	Ovarian germ cell tumor patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into germ cell-like cells and ovarian stromal cells	Expresses OCT4 and SOX17	[65, 317, 318]
Adrenocortical Carcinoma	iPSC-ADRENAL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from adrenocortical carcinoma patient	Can differentiate into adrenocortical cells and steroidogenic cells	Overexpression of TP53 and CTNNB1 mutations	[241, 319]
Cholangiocarcinoma	iPSC-CHOLANGIO1	Cholangiocarcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into cholangiocytes and hepatocytes	Expresses FGFR2 fusion gene and abnormal bile duct markers	[136, 320]
Neuroblastoma	iPSC-NEUROBLAST1	iPSCs reprogrammed from neuroblastoma patient	Can differentiate into neural crest cells and sympathetic neurons	Overexpression of MYCN and ALK mutations	[321, 322]
Thymoma	iPSC-THYMOMA1	Thymoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into thymic epithelial cells and T lymphocytes	Expresses TTF-1 and MAGE markers	[323, 324]
Merkel Cell Carcinoma	iPSC-MERKEL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from Merkel cell carcinoma patient	Can differentiate into Merkel cells and keratinocytes	Overexpression of Merkel cell polyomavirus and p63	[325]
Choriocarcinoma	iPSC-CHORIO1	Choriocarcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into trophoblast cells and placental cells	Expresses abnormal hCG production and p57 marker	[326,327,328]
Adrenal Cortex Carcinoma	iPSC-ADRENAL2	iPSCs reprogrammed from adrenal cortex carcinoma patient	Can differentiate into adrenocortical cells and steroidogenic cells	Overexpression of CTNNB1 and TP53 mutations	[329, 330]
Uveal Melanoma	iPSC-UVEAL1	Uveal melanoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into melanocytes and neural crest cells	Expresses GNAQ and SF3B1 mutations	[224]
Osteoblastoma	iPSC-OSTEOBL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from osteoblastoma patient	Can differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes	Overexpression of HMGA2 and CDK4	[331,332,333]
Ampullary Carcinoma	iPSC-AMPULLARY1	Ampullary carcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into ampullary epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Expresses KRAS and TP53 mutations	[292, 334]
Pleural Mesothelioma	iPSC-MESOTHELI1	iPSCs reprogrammed from pleural mesothelioma patient	Can differentiate into mesothelial cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of BAP1 and CDKN2A mutations	[335, 336]
Neuroendocrine Tumor	iPSC-NEUROENDO1	Neuroendocrine tumor patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into neuroendocrine cells and pancreatic islet cells	Expresses chromogranin A and MEN1 mutation	[337]
Small Cell Lung Cancer	iPSC-LUNGSM1	iPSCs reprogrammed from small cell lung cancer patient	Can differentiate into lung epithelial cells and neuroendocrine cells	Overexpression of MYC and TP53 mutations	[338, 339]
Chondrosarcoma	iPSC-CHONDRO1	Chondrosarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells	Expresses IDH1 and TP53 mutations	[340,341,342]
Ampulla of Vater Cancer	iPSC-AMPULLA2	iPSCs reprogrammed from ampulla of Vater cancer patient	Can differentiate into ampullary epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of KRAS and TP53 mutations	[343, 344]
Salivary Gland Cancer	iPSC-SALIVARY1	Salivary gland cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into salivary gland epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells	Expresses MYB-NFIB fusion gene and abnormal salivary gland markers	[250, 345, 346]
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma	iPSC-PCNSL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from primary central nervous system lymphoma patient	Can differentiate into lymphoid cells and B cells	Overexpression of MYD88 and CD79B mutations	[125, 347]
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor	iPSC-GIST1	Gastrointestinal stromal tumor patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into gastrointestinal stromal cells and smooth muscle cells	Expresses KIT and PDGFRA mutations	[341]
Choriocarcinoma	iPSC-CHORIO2	Choriocarcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into trophoblast cells and placental cells	Overexpression of NLRP7 and p57 markers	[348, 349]
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia	iPSC-WALDEN1	iPSCs reprogrammed from Waldenström macroglobulinemia patient	Differentiates into plasma cells and B lymphocytes	Expresses MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations	[341]
Liposarcoma	iPSC-LIPO1	Liposarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into adipocytes and fibroblasts	Overexpression of MDM2 and CDK4	[341, 350, 351]
Vulvar Cancer	iPSC-VULVAR1	Vulvar cancer patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into vulvar epithelial cells and fibroblasts	Expresses p16INK4a and HPV infection	[352, 353]
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia	iPSC-CLL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient	Can differentiate into lymphoid cells and B cells	Overexpression of TP53 and ATM mutations	[354,355,356]
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma	iPSC-FIBRO1	Fibrolamellar carcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into hepatocytes and bile duct cells	Expresses DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion gene	[305, 357]
Synovial Sarcoma	iPSC-SYNOV1	Synovial sarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into mesenchymal cells and synoviocytes	Overexpression of SS18-SSX fusion gene	[358, 359]
Esophageal Cancer	iPSC-ESOPHAGEAL2	iPSCs reprogrammed from esophageal cancer patient	Differentiates into esophageal epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Expresses TP53 and EGFR mutations	[254, 360]
Malignant Melanoma	iPSC-MELANOMA2	Malignant melanoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into melanocytes and neural crest cells	Overexpression of BRAF and NRAS mutations	[274, 361]
Hepatoblastoma	iPSC-HEPATOBL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from hepatoblastoma patient	Differentiates into hepatocyte-like cells and bile duct cells	Expresses abnormal AFP and Wnt signaling	[362, 363]
Pleomorphic Sarcoma	iPSC-PLEOMORPH1	Pleomorphic sarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of TP53 and RB1 mutations	[254, 360]
Myelodysplastic Syndrome	iPSC-MDS1	iPSCs reprogrammed from myelodysplastic syndrome patient	Differentiates into hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid cells	Expresses abnormal cytogenetics and dysplastic markers	[364,365,366]
Uterine Sarcoma	iPSC-UTERINE1	iPSCs reprogrammed from uterine sarcoma patient	Can differentiate into uterine smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of MED12 and TP53 mutations	[367, 368]
Thymic Carcinoma	iPSC-THYMIC1	Thymic carcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into thymic epithelial cells and T lymphocytes	Expresses FOXN1 and p63 markers	[369,370,371]
Rhabdomyosarcoma	iPSC-RHABDO1	iPSCs reprogrammed from rhabdomyosarcoma patient	Can differentiate into myoblasts and skeletal muscle cells	Overexpression of PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene	[372,373,374,375]
Gastric Cancer	iPSC-GASTRIC2	iPSCs reprogrammed from gastric cancer patient	Differentiates into gastric epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells	Expresses HER2 and CDH1 mutations	[242, 243, 376]
Angiosarcoma	iPSC-ANGIO1	Angiosarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into endothelial cells and pericytes	Overexpression of MYC and TP53 mutations	[377,378,379]
Thymoma	iPSC-THYMOMA2	Thymoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into thymic epithelial cells and T lymphocytes	Expresses CD5 and CD117 markers	[255, 322, 380]
Osteosarcoma	iPSC-OSTEO1	Osteosarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into osteoblasts and bone cells	Overexpression of TP53 and RB1 mutations	[240, 283, 381]
Glioblastoma	iPSC-GLIOBLAST1	iPSCs reprogrammed from glioblastoma patient	Differentiates into neural stem cells and glial cells	Expresses EGFR amplification and IDH1 mutation	[382,383,384,385]
Uterine Leiomyosarcoma	iPSC-LEIOMYO1	Uterine leiomyosarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of HMGA2 and TP53 mutations	[386]
Ovarian Cancer	iPSC-OVARIAN2	iPSCs reprogrammed from ovarian cancer patient	Differentiates into ovarian epithelial cells and stromal cells	Expresses BRCA1/2 mutations and abnormal hormone receptor status	[232, 233, 387]
Chordoma	iPSC-CHORDO1	Chordoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into notochordal cells and mesenchymal cells	Overexpression of T gene and brachyury	[388, 389]
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	iPSC-HEPATOC1	iPSCs reprogrammed from hepatocellular carcinoma patient	Differentiates into hepatocytes and bile duct cells	Expresses abnormal AFP and abnormal liver-specific markers	[320, 390, 391]
Bladder Cancer	iPSC-BLADDER1	iPSCs reprogrammed from bladder cancer patient	Can differentiate into urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of FGFR3 and TP53 mutations	[216, 251, 301, 392]
Medulloblastoma	iPSC-MEDULLO1	Medulloblastoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into neural stem cells and cerebellar cells	Expresses PTCH1 and MYC amplification	[393, 394]
Soft Tissue Sarcoma	iPSC-SOFTTISSUE1	Soft tissue sarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of MDM2 and CDK4	[341, 395, 396]
Renal Cell Carcinoma	iPSC-RENAL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from renal cell carcinoma patient	Differentiates into renal epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells	Expresses VHL and MET mutations	[241, 397]
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor	iPSC-GERMCELL1	Ovarian germ cell tumor patient-derived iPSCs	Can differentiate into germ cells and ovarian follicular cells	Overexpression of OCT3/4 and c-KIT mutations	[318, 398]
Basal Cell Carcinoma	iPSC-BASAL1	iPSCs reprogrammed from basal cell carcinoma patient	Differentiates into basal keratinocytes and hair follicle cells	Expresses PTCH1 and TP53 mutations	[399, 400]
Pancreatic Cancer	iPSC-PANCREATIC2	iPSCs reprogrammed from pancreatic cancer patient	Can differentiate into pancreatic ductal cells and acinar cells	Overexpression of KRAS and TP53 mutations	[236, 401, 402]
Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma	iPSC-CLEARCELL1	Ovarian clear cell carcinoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into ovarian clear epithelial cells and stromal cells	Expresses ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations	[233, 403]
Prostate Cancer	iPSC-PROSTATE2	iPSCs reprogrammed from prostate cancer patient	Can differentiate into prostate epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of PTEN and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene	[267, 404,405,406]
Ewing Sarcoma	iPSC-EWING1	Ewing sarcoma patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into mesenchymal stem cells and bone cells	Expresses EWS-FLI1 fusion gene	[239, 407]
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma	iPSC-HEADNECK1	iPSCs reprogrammed from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patient	Can differentiate into squamous epithelial cells and fibroblasts	Overexpression of TP53 and HPV infection	[278, 408, 409]
Primary Brain Tumor	iPSC-BRAINTUMOR1	Primary brain tumor patient-derived iPSCs	Differentiates into neural stem cells and glial cells	Expresses IDH1 and EGFR amplification	[125, 230]

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