Table 6 iPSCs for developing cancer vaccines and immunotherapies
From: Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy
iPSC Line Used | Cancer Type | Immune Response Observed | Comparison with Traditional Cancer Cell Lines | Signal Pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iPSC-derived dendritic cells | Melanoma | Activation of CD8 + T cells | More efficient antigen presentation compared to traditional dendritic cells | Not applicable | [482] |
iPSC-derived NK cells | Various solid tumors | Enhanced cytotoxicity towards tumor cells | More effective than peripheral blood-derived NK cells | NKG2D, DNAM-1, and NKp30 pathways | [131] |
iPSC-derived CAR-T cells | B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) | Potent killing of B-ALL cells | Higher efficacy and specificity compared to CAR-T cells derived from peripheral blood | CD19 and CD22 pathways | [483] |
iPSC-derived TCR-T cells | Melanoma | Antigen-specific cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells | Enhanced specificity and reduced toxicity compared to TCR-T cells derived from peripheral blood | TCR signaling pathway | [484] |
iPSC-derived tumor cells | Various solid tumors | Induction of tumor-specific immune responses | More closely resemble primary tumors compared to traditional cancer cell lines | Not applicable | [131] |
iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Various solid tumors | Modulation of immune response towards tumor cells | More effective than mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow | TGF-β and PGE2 pathways | [131] |
iPSC-derived tumor-associated macrophages | Breast cancer | Promotion of tumor cell phagocytosis and activation of antitumor immune response | Enhanced phagocytic capacity and polarization compared to traditional macrophage cell lines | Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway | [214] |
iPSC-derived cancer stem cells | Colorectal cancer | Generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) | More efficient generation of CTLs targeting cancer stem cell antigens compared to traditional cancer stem cell lines | Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | [130] |
iPSC-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) | Lung cancer | Activation of tumor-specific CD4 + T cells | Enhanced antigen presentation capacity and cytokine secretion compared to traditional APC lines | MHC class II and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | [216] |
iPSC-derived natural killer (NK) cell-engagers | Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) | Selective killing of AML cells through targeted recognition | Improved specificity and potency compared to NK cell-engagers derived from primary NK cells | CD16 and Fc receptor signaling pathways | [485] |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) | Ovarian cancer | Tumor cell lysis and cytokine production | Higher tumor recognition and effector functions compared to TILs derived from tumor tissues | TCR and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Enhanced killing of NSCLC cells expressing specific antigens | Improved persistence and tumor cell recognition compared to CAR-NK cells derived from peripheral blood | CAR signaling pathway | [486] |
iPSC-derived tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) | Prostate cancer | Generation of antigen-specific CTLs targeting prostate cancer cells | Higher specificity and potency compared to CTLs derived from peripheral blood | TCR and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) | Pancreatic cancer | Modulation of tumor microenvironment and promotion of antitumor immune response | Enhanced secretion of cytokines and extracellular matrix remodeling compared to traditional CAF lines | TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived neoantigen-presenting dendritic cells | Lung cancer | Induction of neoantigen-specific T cell responses | Efficient presentation of personalized neoantigens compared to traditional dendritic cells | MHC class I and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | [216] |
iPSC-derived oncolytic viruses | Brain tumors | Selective replication within tumor cells and induction of antitumor immune response | Enhanced tumor tropism and immunogenicity compared to traditional oncolytic viruses | RIG-I and STING signaling pathways | [43] |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) | Gastric cancer | Tumor cell recognition and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Improved tumor specificity and effector functions compared to TILs derived from tumor tissues | TCR and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | [50] |
iPSC-derived natural killer (NK) cells expressing bispecific killer cell engagers (BiKEs) | Multiple myeloma | Targeted killing of multiple myeloma cells through dual antigen recognition | Increased specificity and cytotoxicity compared to NK cells expressing traditional BiKEs | CD16 and Fc receptor signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting antibodies | Breast cancer | Binding and neutralization of cancer-specific antigens | Enhanced specificity and affinity compared to antibodies derived from hybridoma cell lines | B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway | |
iPSC-derived cancer vaccines | Prostate cancer | Induction of tumor-specific immune responses | More precise targeting of tumor antigens compared to traditional cancer vaccines | Not applicable | [120] |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) | Leukemia | Targeted killing of leukemia cells expressing specific antigens | Improved efficacy and persistence compared to TILs or CAR-T cells derived from peripheral blood | CAR signaling pathway | [132] |
iPSC-derived tumor-associated neutrophils | Lung cancer | Activation of innate immune response against tumor cells | Enhanced tumor cell phagocytosis and release of cytotoxic granules compared to traditional neutrophil cell lines | Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway | [216] |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting peptides | Pancreatic cancer | Selective binding and inhibition of cancer cell growth | Higher affinity and specificity compared to peptides derived from synthetic libraries | Not applicable | [133] |
iPSC-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) | Colorectal cancer | Suppression of antitumor immune responses | Enhanced immunosuppressive functions and stability compared to Tregs derived from peripheral blood | TGF-β and IL-10 signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting nanocarriers | Ovarian cancer | Enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor cells | Improved tumor targeting and drug release compared to traditional nanocarriers | Not applicable | [139] |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing T cell bispecific antibodies | Lymphoma | Targeted killing of lymphoma cells through dual antigen recognition | Increased efficacy and specificity compared to TILs or monoclonal antibodies alone | TCR and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-specific antibodies conjugated with cytotoxic payloads | Colorectal cancer | Selective delivery of cytotoxic agents to cancer cells | Higher precision and potency compared to conventional antibody–drug conjugates | Not applicable | [130] |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting exosomes | Liver cancer | Induction of antitumor immune responses and inhibition of tumor growth | Improved stability and specificity compared to exosomes derived from other cell sources | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) engineered with checkpoint inhibitors | Melanoma | Enhanced antitumor activity and resistance to immune suppression | Improved functionality and persistence compared to TILs alone | TCR and checkpoint signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting aptamers | Pancreatic cancer | Binding and inhibition of cancer-specific proteins | Higher affinity and specificity compared to aptamers derived from other sources | Not applicable | [147] |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting oncolytic viruses | Pancreatic cancer | Selective replication within tumor cells and induction of antitumor immune response | Enhanced tumor tropism and immunogenicity compared to traditional oncolytic viruses | RIG-I and STING signaling pathways | [147] |
iPSC-derived tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cells | Lymphoma | Specific killing of lymphoma cells expressing tumor-specific antigens | Improved persistence and safety compared to CAR-T cells derived from peripheral blood | CAR signaling pathway | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting peptides conjugated with immune checkpoint inhibitors | Breast cancer | Selective targeting of cancer cells and inhibition of immune evasion mechanisms | Enhanced specificity and potency compared to individual agents alone | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-associated B cells | Lung cancer | Modulation of immune response and antitumor activity | Higher antigen presentation capacity and cytokine secretion compared to traditional B cell lines | B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway | [216] |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting nanoparticles | Prostate cancer | Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to prostate cancer cells | Improved tumor specificity and drug release kinetics compared to conventional nanoparticles | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing enhanced cytokine receptors | Renal cell carcinoma | Augmented cytokine signaling and antitumor activity | Increased cytokine responsiveness and functional potency compared to TILs alone | Cytokine receptor signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting antibodies conjugated with immune-modulating agents | Pancreatic cancer | Specific binding to cancer cells and modulation of immune response | Enhanced specificity and immune-modulating effects compared to conventional antibody therapies | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | Targeted killing of ALL cells through dual antigen recognition | Improved efficacy and specificity compared to TILs or BiTEs derived from peripheral blood | TCR and co-stimulatory signaling pathways | [487] |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting microRNAs | Colorectal cancer | Inhibition of cancer cell growth and metastasis | Higher specificity and stability compared to synthetic microRNAs | Not applicable | [130] |
iPSC-derived tumor-associated natural killer (NK) cells | Pancreatic cancer | Activation of innate immune response and cytotoxicity against tumor cells | Improved tumor cell recognition and killing capacity compared to traditional NK cell lines | NK cell activating signaling pathways | [147] |
iPSC-derived cancer vaccines utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing | Lung cancer | Induction of tumor-specific immune responses through targeted genetic modifications | Enhanced precision and efficacy compared to traditional cancer vaccines | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing immune checkpoint inhibitors | Head and neck cancer | Reversal of immune suppression and enhanced antitumor activity | Improved functionality and checkpoint blockade compared to TILs alone | TCR and checkpoint signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting dendritic cell vaccines | Brain cancer | Induction of tumor-specific immune responses and activation of cytotoxic T cells | Enhanced antigen presentation and immunogenicity compared to traditional dendritic cell vaccines | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) engineered with cytokine gene expression | Melanoma | Augmented antitumor activity and cytokine production | Improved persistence and effector functions compared to unmodified TILs | Cytokine signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer-targeting aptamers conjugated with chemotherapy drugs | Ovarian cancer | Selective delivery of chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells | Higher affinity and specificity compared to traditional drug conjugates | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Tregs) | Breast cancer | Suppression of antitumor immune response and modulation of tumor microenvironment | Enhanced immunosuppressive functions and stability compared to traditional Tregs | TGF-β and IL-10 signaling pathways | |
iPSC-derived cancer vaccines targeting tumor-specific neoantigens | Colorectal cancer | Generation of immune response against unique tumor neoantigens | Improved specificity and efficacy compared to traditional cancer vaccines | Not applicable | |
iPSC-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing chemokine receptors | Prostate cancer | Enhanced migration and infiltration into tumor sites | Improved tumor homing and antitumor activity compared to TILs alone | Chemokine signaling pathways |