Table 3 Methods for inducing TLS

Using cytokines or chemokines

CXCL13, CCL21

PDAC

Mice

IF, IHC

increase

[149]

LIGHT-VTP

Insulinoma

Mice

H&E,

IHC,

IF,

flow cytometry

increase

[140]

STING agonists

melanoma

Mice

IF,

flow cytometry

increase

[150]

CD40 agonists

glioma

Mice

H&E,

IHC,

IF,

flow cytometry,

RNA-seq

increase

[151]

Cancer therapies

Radiation Therapy

LUAD

Mice

H&E,

IHC

increase

[145]

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Hepatoblastoma

12 patients

H&E,

IHC,

RNA-seq

increase

[152]

epithelioid mesothelioma

138 patients

H&E

increase

[153]

lung cancer

122 patients

H&E,

IHC

UC (unchanged)

[154]

urothelial cancer

24 patients

H&E,

IHC,

IF,

RNA-seq

increase

[155]

Maintenance immunotherapy

Melanoma, RCC

34 patients

H&E,

IHC,

IF,

RNA-seq,

flow cytometry

UC

[17]

HPV 16 vaccine

cervical

39 patients

H&E,

IHC,

RNA-seq

increase

[156]

pancreatic tumour vaccine

pancreatic cancer

12 patients

H&E,

IHC,

RNA-seq,

flow cytometry

increase

[143]