tRNA-derived small RNAs in human cancers: roles, mechanisms, and clinical application

Table 2 Regulatory mechanism of tsRNAs in tumor progression

Cancer Type	tsRNA Name	tsRNA Type	Expression Level	Target Gene	Downstream Molecules	Cellular Pathway	Biological Functions	Ref.
Gastric cancer	tRF-Val	tRF-3a	↑	EEF1A1	p53, MDM2	MDM2/p53 signaling pathway	Promoted the proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of GC cells	[105]
	tRF-Glu-TTC-027	tRF-1	↓	-	Elk-1, c-Myc, JNK, ERK	MAPK signaling pathway	Suppressed the progression of GC	[155]
	tRF-5026a	5’-tiRNA	↓	-	AKT, PI3K	PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	Inhibited GC cell proliferation	[156]
	tRF-Val-CAC-016	tRF	↓	CACNA1d	Elk-1, c-Myc, JNK, ERK	MAPK signaling pathway	Suppressed the proliferation of GC	[157]
Gallbladder cancer	tRF-3013b	tRF-3b	↓	TPRG1L	c-Myc, p65, p50	NF-κB signaling pathway	Inhibited GBC cell proliferation and induced cell-cycle arrest	[109]
Colorectal cancer	tRF/miR-1280	tRF-3	↓	JAG2	NICD1, Gata1/3	Notch signaling pathway	Suppressed CRC stem cell-like cells and metastasis	[118]
Colorectal cancer	tRF3008A	tRF-3	↓	FOXK1	c-Jun, c-Myc, CCND1	Wnt signaling pathway	Suppressed the progression and metastasis of CRC	[158]
Prostate cancer	tRF-315	5’-tiRNA	↑	GADD45A	P53, MDM2	p53 signaling pathway	Inhibited PC cell apoptosis and enhance cisplatin resistance	[142]
Pancreatic cancer	tRF-19-PNR8YPJZ	tRF-5	↑	AXIN2	c-Jun, c-Myc	Wnt signaling pathway	Promoted the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer	[159]

ISSN: 1476-4598