Fig. 2

mRNA therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy. mRNA is used for anti-cancer vaccination, where it delivers cancer antigens to APCs for the presentation on MHC class I and II (top left) and stimulates innate immune activation by binding to PRRs expressed by APCs (top right), introduces antigen receptors such as CARs and TCRs into lymphocytes (bottom right), and allows the expression of immunomodulatory proteins including TLRs, chemokine receptors, co-stimulatory ligands, cytokines, chemokines and different mAb formats in various cell subsets (bottom left). APC: antigen-presenting cell; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MDA5: melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; pMHC: peptide-major histocompatibility complex; NKG2D: natural killer group 2D; PRR: pattern recognition receptors; RIG-I: retinoic acid-inducible gene 1; TCR: T-cell receptor; TLR: Toll-like receptor